AE705 /153M/ 152 Introduction to Flight Fatima Salehbhai Third - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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AE705 /153M/ 152 Introduction to Flight Fatima Salehbhai Third - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Feb 19, 2024 1.25k likes •1.72k views

AE705 /153M/ 152 Introduction to Flight Fatima Salehbhai Third Year U G Student Mechanical Engg. Deptt. IIT Bombay Types of Propulsion Systems AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06 What is propulsion? Moving or Pushing

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

AE705 /153M/ 152 Introduction to Flight

Fatima Salehbhai Third Year U G Student Mechanical Engg. Deptt. IIT Bombay

Types of Propulsion Systems

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Why is propulsion needed in aircraft?

  • Moving or Pushing an object forward

Propulsion = pro (forward) + pellere (drive)

What is propulsion?

  • Getting aloft - thrust + lift
  • produces thrust to push an object
  • used to accelerate, gain altitude, and to maneuver
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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Revising Thrust

  • Drives an airplane forward
  • To sustain lift and counteract drag
  • Energy required
  • Heat by the combustion
  • Propulsion system
  • A machine that accelerates air backwards

http://howthingsfly.si.edu/media/thrust https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/k-4/stories /nasa-knows/what-is-aerodynamics-k4.html

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Propulsion Systems

Mechanisms to produce thrust for flight

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Types of Propulsion Systems

We'll discuss the following :

  • Pistonpropeller
  • Turbojet
  • Afterburning Turbojet
  • Turbofan
  • Turboprop
  • Turboshaft
  • Pulsejet
  • Ramjet
  • Scramjet
  • Electric Propulsion
  • Ionic Propulsion
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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Powerpla lant Sele electio ion bas based on

  • n missi

ssion

Source: D. P. Raymer, Aircraft Design, A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Education Series, 4th edition, 2006

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Reciprocating Engines

Primary powerplant for general aviation

image source: https://www.comsol.com/blogs/improving-the-operational-lifetime-of-a-reciprocating-engine/

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Reciprocating Engines

Converting chemical energy (fuel/electric/hybrid) to mechanical (propeller)

Four-Stroke Two-Stroke

image source: http://infouse.com/planemath/activities/pmenterprises/propulsion/propulsion3.html

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Piston engine-propeller combination

Reciprocrating engines Difference in air pressure gives forward reaction Airfoil shaped Blades

http://lyle.smu.edu/propulsion/Pages/propeller.htm

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Top piston powered aircraft

Rare Bear - Speed Record of 528.33 mph

Read more: http://www.lewisairlegends.com/aircraft/rare-bear

Hawker Sea Fury: The Ultimate piston powered fighter Took on MiG-15s !

Read more: https://hushkit.net/2012/10/06/hush-kit-exclusive-the-ultimate-

piston-engined-fighter-flying-the-sea-fury-by-test-pilot-dave-eagles/

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Applications:

  • Designed for Military Aircraft, now also used in boats and cars
  • Medium range cruise missiles
  • High exhaust speed, small frontal area, relative simplicity

Failures:

  • Poor efficiency at low speeds
  • Low Range and Endurance
  • Slow response to Throttle

Heinkel He 178, world's first turbojet power aircraft

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/aturbj.html

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Afterburners

  • High fuel consumption rate
  • Twice the Thrust - Four times fuel burn

Fitted downstream

Sound barrier high thrust required

fuel directly in hot exhaust exhaust velocity thrust

http://www.aiirsource.com/f-16-night-afterburner-takeoffs/

Wing drag coeff (cd)

Mach no.

http://www.aerospaceweb.org/question/atmosphere/q0206b.shtml

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

http://jalopnik.com/why-were-old-jet-engines-so-much-more-smokey-than-newer-1720531271

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Rolls-Royce Olympus 593

Concorde (one of the only two supersonic passenger airliner) Only afterburning turbojet to power a commercial aircraft (Concorde)

GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri

Afterburning turbofan by GTRE, DRDO for HAL Tejas fighter

http://www.turbokart.com/about_olympus.htm Source : wikipedia-concorde Source : wikipedia-GTRE GTX-35VS Kaveri

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Turboprop

Gas turbine engine + a propeller

Useful for flight speeds between 400 and 650 kmph)

Source : wikipedia-Turboprop engine

  • Higher Fuel Efficency than Turbojet
  • Greater Power and Reliability
  • High initial cost / fuel consumption

compared to pistonprops

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Propfans

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Turbofan

combines best features of the turbojet and the turboprop

Source : wikipedia-Turbofan engine

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Bypass ratio:

Core

Bypass duct Bypass duct

  • Vol. of air from bypass duct
  • Vol. of air from core

http://okigihan.blogspot.in/p/turbofan-engines-theturbofan-gas.html

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Low bypass

  • Compact
  • High power-weight ratio
  • Poor fuel efficiency

High Bypass

  • Higher fuel efficiency
  • Lower noise levels
  • Large diameter

Image source: http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/T/turbofan_engine.html

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Turboshaft

Gas turbine engine with a large shaft similar to Turboprop

Widely used as auxiliary power units on large aircraft and in helicopters K225 with Boeing 502 (YT50) turboshaft engine world's first gas turbine-powered helicopter

https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/kaman-k-225 Source : wikipedia-turboshaft

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

  • higher power-to-weight ratio than piston
  • smaller than piston engines
  • Sustained high power output
  • High reliability
  • Light weight

Turboprop Turboshaft

Engine supports the propellor Engine not directly connected to the rotor Only support loads of Propellor Supports load on vehicle through transmission No sustained output required Sustained high power output required

http://www.boldmethod.com/learn-to-fly/systems/4-types-of-turbine-engines/

Turboshaft

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Pulsejet

Combustion occurs in pulses

V-1 flying bomb with pulse jet on top

Source : wikipedia-Pulsejet engine

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  • Spark plug
  • Flapper valves shut
  • Air through tailpipe + valves
  • Compressed air forced
  • Opens flapper valves
  • Burned gas out of tail
  • Pressure inside < Patm

http://designfutureworld.blogspot.in/2012/06/pulse-jet-engine.html

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

PULSE JET

Advantages

  • Easy to build, light
  • Thrust available even when at rest

Disadvantages

  • Requires additional means of

acceleration ( Flight speed↑, Thrust ↑)

  • Low compression ratio (more fuel)
  • High levels of vibrations and sound
  • Needs heat-resistant materials
  • Limited altitude range and operating

speed

Not popular for aircraft. Why?

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Jun Junkers Ju Ju EF EF126 Elli Elli

  • Rapidly producible inexpensive small fighter a/c
  • Pulsejet powered, with propeller driven startup
  • RATO, using detachable solid fuel rocket motors
  • Droppable Take-off dolly, retractable landing skid
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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Ramjet

X-15 Ramjet

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Scramjet

Pegasus booster accelerating NASA's X- 43A shortly after ignition during test flight

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Electric Propulsion

The acceleration of gases for producing thrust by electric heating, electric body forces, and/or electric and magnetic body forces

https://www.slideshare.net/srikanthlaxmanvinjam/electric-propulsion-42744912?qid=d406d639-e62c-4001-ba64-6661dce201bb&v=&b=&from_search=6

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Electric Powered Aircraft

First electric powered aircraft

Gaston Tissandier in his electrically powered dirigible', 8 October 1883

  • Electric motors to propellers or rotors.
  • Mechanisms for storing

Source : wikipedia-Gaston Tissandier http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News.asp?NewsNum=2712

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Solar Impulse

  • Four brushless motors - reduction gear - propeller
  • 94% efficient system

Around the world journey

http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-36598140 http://www.solarimpulse.com/adventure/technical-challenge-2

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All ll-electric air irplane Magnus eF eFusion

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Extra 330LE and NASA LEAPTech

Extra 330LE aerobatic plane - took off with one fourth of a megawatt of output- speed records

Continuous output of ~ 260 kW, engine weighs ~ 50 kg

Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP)

https://www.siemens.com/press/en/feature/2015/corporate/2015-03-electromotor.php http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/space/electric-aviation/

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All ll Ele lectric Air irliners ?

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Hybr brid pr propuls lsio ion system E-Th Thrust

http://www.aero.jaxa.jp/eng/research/frontier/feather/

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Ion Propulsion

Electrostatic propulsion Use: keeping satellites in proper position to propelling spacecraft

https://nasa.tumblr.com/post/138684974869/ion-propulsionwhat-is-it

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Process

Ion source Accelerating electrode Neutralizer: Electron emitter Electrons Ions Battery Propellant line-inert gas (xenon)

https://www.slideshare.net/decobisu/ion-thruster-4706532

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AE-705 Introduction to Flight Lecture No 11 Capsule-06

Process

https://www.slideshare.net/decobisu/ion-thruster-4706532

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NASA’s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT)

https://www.slideshare.net/shyamforever/electric-propulsion

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Steady Level Fight + Altitude effects

Next Class on Friday 22nd September