Bridge Mitigation 2018 NATIONAL HURRICANE CONFERENCE WORKSHOP - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

2018 NATIONAL HURRICANE CONFERENCE WORKSHOP Dennis Quan IEM Cost Analyst

Bridge Mitigation

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• Largest woman-owned emergency

management and disaster recovery firm in U.S.

• 30+ years of continuous operation
• Specialize in strategies,

technologies, and solutions that save lives

• Applied solutions contractor and

tech consultants for DHS, FEMA, HHS, state and local governments, industry, and international entities

• Projects in 50 states and 3

territories

Corporate Overview

Proprietary Information 3

IEM Disaster Management and Emergency Management

• Continuity of Operations (COOP) Planning/Business

Continuity Planning (BCP)/Continuity of Government (COG)

• Disaster Mitigation
• Disaster Preparedness
• Disaster Recovery and Rebuilding
• Disaster Response
• Evacuation Planning
• Grants Management

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IEM Disaster Management and Emergency Management

• Modeling and Simulation
• Prevention and Protection
• Program Management
• Public Outreach and Education
• Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
• Training and Exercises
• Transportation Security and Incident Management

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Why you need Bridge Mitigation?

Causes of Bridge Failure

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Anti-electrolysis Protection

• Effectiveness:

Cathodic protection Eliminates corrosion problems and material corrosion failures Relatively easy to implement More cost effective

• Limitations:

Technology is not widely known or practiced Higher initial cost

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Polymer Additive Asphalt

• Effectiveness:

 No potholes or rutting  Does not require waterproofing membrane  More economical  Reduces environmental impact  Greatly reduces the need for maintenance and bridge re- pavement.

• Limitation:

 Lack of industry-wide knowledge of its use

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Recycled Glass Asphalt

• Effectiveness:

 No danger to people  Will not damage vehicles  Retains heat longer than conventional mix (useful in colder climates)  Dries faster (glass does not absorb water)  More reflective, thus improving driver visibility at night  Technique widely known and well established.

• Limitations:

 Glass particles aligning parallel to road surface reduces alignment  Not recommend for highways  No difference to conventional asphalt in certain uses  Premature failure of surface by extreme conditions increased by smooth nature of glass

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A-Jacks Energy Dissipater

• Effectiveness:

 Cost-effective  Good alternative to heavy-duty channel and pier scour protection systems  Protected against high-velocity flow  High-void ratio  Provides a non-erodible boundary  May be used for bank toe stabilization  Protects channel boundaries from scour and erosion  Prevents undermining of stream toe and helps protect slope

• Limitation:

Lack of industry-wide knowledge of its use

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Barrier – Armortech/Armorflex Mat

Slope to Drain Minimum Radius

• f Curvature Per

Block Manufacturer’s Recommendation Channel Bottom Top Termination Trench Geotextile, Granular Bedding, or Both ACB Revetment System

Armortech/Armorflex Mat

• Effectiveness:

 Porous and flexible  Encourages vegetation and habitat enhancement  Aesthetic and functional alternative to heavy- duty, durable erosion protection systems.  Low maintenance  Fast and low-cost installation

• Limitation:

Lack of industry wide knowledge of its use

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Anti-icing Sprayers using Monitoring Trigger

• Effectiveness

Generally fail safe as automation performs more efficiently Uses less chemical which results in savings More controlled Less damages to cars Smaller number of auto accidents

• Limitation:

May not detect heavy snow when flakes melt before hitting the sensors Large initial cost

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Bridge in a Backpack

• Advantages:

Requires less materials Reduced fabrication and transportation time Longer lifetime Safer No maintenance required for tubes No concrete Spalding Reduced carbon footprint

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 Lends itself to multiple spans

Bridge in a Backpack

• Effectiveness:

Reduced material cost Reduced fabrication and transportation time Greatly extended lifecycle Faster to build More durable building method

• Limitation:

Lack of industry-wide knowledge of its use, especially among infrastructure owners Requires an educated contractor with knowledge of the technology

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Collision with Water Towers, Piers

• Effectiveness:

No bridge failure (eliminates replacement time and costs) Reduces injuries and prevents loss of life

• Limitations:

Reduce width of channel under bridge High cost initially No high on priority list

• f stakeholders

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Deck Slab Strengthening

• Methods:

Install carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips on decks (CFRP are lightweight, high strength, and chemical and corrosion resistance) Add a concrete overlay Replace common mastic asphalt wearing course with a layer of reinforced high performance concrete (RHPC)

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Deck Slab Strengthening

• Effectiveness:

Allows for use of thinner top surface wearing layer Increases traffic capacity Reduced fatigue cracking of steel deck plates, which extends the lifetime of the deck plate structure

• Limitation:

Lack of industry-wide knowledge of its use

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Elevation of Flooded Span

• Effectiveness:

Stops bridge damage Prevents loss of traffic routes Stops local economic loss Increases flood flow under bridge

• Limitation:

Cost prohibitive to Local Minor Civil Divisions (MCDs) unless disaster is presidentially declare to open up federal funding sources

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Fireproofing

• The following are some examples of the types of

structures and equipment that can be fireproofed:

Bridge material. Spacing remove/reduce vegetation and trees

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Fireproofing

• Effectiveness:

Inexpensive, easy to implement In lieu of sprinklers, . ascetic Transparent coating

• Limitation:

 Lack of industry-wide knowledge of its use

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Jacketing of Piers

• Effectiveness:

Ease of retrofitting Very effective Relatively cost effective (low cost)

• Limitation:

Not as effective for non- round piers Requires Professional Engineer .

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Metal Testing, Non-destructive Methods

• Area of bridge that most prone to rapid

degradation is the decking.

This is the result of a variety of factor, such as corrosion

• f rebars (a steel reinforcing bar in concrete), concrete

delamination, vertical cracking and general degradation

• f the concrete.

There are numerous method of testing, top by visual inspection and relatively simple non-destructive methods.

• Grading of Technologies Based on Application

Metal Testing, Non-destructive Methods

Metal Testing, Non-destructive Methods

• For more information, go to

http://www.ndtoolbox.org

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Pier Capping

• Effectiveness:

Effectively supports bridge slab, while greatly reducing failure, Effectiveness increased with the use of reinforcement and strengthening, Torsional moments are typically relatively small

• Limitation:

Adequate attachment is essential. Subject to cracking.

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Preventing Failure

• We can make bridges far better, in light of what we

know and can do now.

Super Steel Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) More Durable Road Surfaces

• Self-Healing Materials
• Sensors
• FRP Piling

Protection of Interior/Cable

• Some methods:

Dehumidification system for drying out cables for existing bridges. Use of impervious coating of cables.

• Recent use of elastomeric coating over existing cable

wrapping.

• Use of dry air injection used in coordination with use
• f elastomeric assure no moisture can enter cable

Protection of Interior/Cable

• Effectiveness:

Prevents premature failure of bridge suspension system Greatly extends lifespan

• f suspension system

Greatly reduce chances for catastrophic failure.

• Limitation:

 Lack of industry-wide knowledge of its use

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Repaving decks

• Problem with repaving

Additional weight Reduce load limit Failure Alternate is to use longer life paving

• Problem with resurfacing

Addition Additional weight with overlaying

Repaving decks

• Effectiveness:

Greatly reduces potential for catastrophic failure and reduces long-term wear and tear from increased loading, especially if old pavement is removed.

• Limitation:

Increase cost of old pavement removal Additional traffic delay as a direct result of pavement removal Greatly increases potential for catastrophic failure if

• ld pavement not

removed

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Replacement, Flatbed Railcar

Interstate 5 collapsed over Arroyo Pasajero Creek in the spring of 1995

Replacement, Flatbed Railcar

• Effectiveness:

Low maintenance Cost effective Not damaged by disasters

• Limitation:

Pier support is limited by length used. May not meet federal standards, Lack of industry wide knowledge of its use

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Replace Truss Style with Open Deck

• Problem:

For bridge crossing that experiences occasion flooding/over topping, a steel truss bridge tends to create conveyance problems, especially if trapped with debris.

• Solution:

Replace steel trust bridge with open deck style. This reduces forcing acting on bridge during flooding/over

• topping. It also reduces entrapment of debris.

Replace Multiple Span with Single Span

• To further enhance flow character:

The addition of shaping and covering of embankment Use of wing walls along abutments Smooth alignment of channel and bridge abutment

Replace Multiple Span with Single Span

• Effectiveness:

Very effective in most application Greatly increase bridge flood profile/opening Greatly reduces debris accumulation.

• Limitation:

Physical limitation of how long a single span can be used.

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Salt Damage Common Repairs

Salt encrusted bridge

• The use of chloride deicing salt has become the

single most important element in repairs and maintenance of bridge decking.

Salt Damage Common Repairs

• Common Repair Solution

Economic solution includes patching of individual potholes, to complete re-surfacing of bridge decking. However, this is just a temporary, as a permanent solution is to repair the damaged concrete. This includes provide an impervious sealing of deck to halt salt intrusion.

Salt Damage Common Repairs

• Effectiveness:

Quickly allows surface repairs using low funding.

• Limitation:

 Usually does not stop corrosion Eventually, funding is needed for full deck replacement.

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Seismic Retrofit

• Modification of bridge structure to make them

more robustly

• Problem (what are solutions?)

Soft Rivets: Bridge Attachments: Suspension Bridges Decks Lattice beams, girders, bridge ties

Sudden High Load Failures

• Solution to prevent bridge failures from sudden

high loads.

Concrete bridge piers can fail from earthquakes, from wind load from tornadoes/hurricanes, from collisions with ships, vehicles, etc. Waves and winds can displace bridge spans or totally collapse of spans. It can result in destruction of concrete decks and pre-stressed beams due to uplifting, etc. Railways can be washed away from bridges.

Sudden High Load Failures

• Solution:

Precast/pre-stressed bridge pier caps and girders, instead

• f casting on site.

Reinforced steel and concrete tie-ins between bridge decks and pier caps. Higher/taller span can clear large storm surge. Use of guard rails (check rails) on bridges. Increase number of piers Enforce weight limits, including maintenance equipment and re-paving. Use of isolation bearings

Suicide Prevention

• Many high bridges become a draw for people

attempting suicide.

• Solution: Some solution includes a barrier

Suicide Prevention

• Effectiveness:

Effective in stopping suicides from the bridge itself, but also suicide rate in surrounding area. Prevent injury to traffic and people below bridge

• Limitation:

 Usually very expensive Tends to be aesthetically unsightly, detracting from the appearance of the bridge, and view from the bridge. Poorly designed barrier can affect bridge structural integrity, especially during high velocity wind

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Structural Monitoring

• Monitoring should include:

Crack growth/creep in concrete structural member Rotation of piers in water bodies, as a result of scouring. Span expansion joint displacement as a result of hot/cold cycling Fatigue cycling measurement Vehicle weight overload monitoring/enforcement

• Monitoring can be performed wireless, which

allows remote display of data.

Structural Monitoring

• Effectiveness:

Effectively reduces

• verall maintenance

cost by avoiding problems Help avoid catastrophic failure of structure and loss of lives Helps in development of more accurate budgeting, reducing long term costs

• Limitation:

 Lack of internal abilities

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Bridge – Truss Bridges Mitigation

• Problems with Truss Bridges

Require considerable amount of space (this creates problems that often result in accidents) Are relatively heavy, costly, time consuming, require lots

• f upkeep.

Wasteful. If not correctly designed, it may waste material (element may have no useable function). Low level of redundancy

Bridge – Truss Bridges Mitigation

• Many consider it a durable and strong style of

bridge that have been used since the middle of the 19th century.

• Truss bridges are candidates for catastrophic failure

when gusset plates fail.

• Solution

External post-tensioning using high-strength cables or bars. Use modern bridge modeling to re-check design and capacity of truss bridge.

Bridge – Truss Bridges Mitigation

• Effectiveness:

 Reduces chance for massive catastrophic failure More cost effective than replacement of bridge Increases life span of bridge Effective and economical Speed of construction and minimal disruption

• f traffic.
• Limitation:

Lack of Information Lack of guideline

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Epoxy Asphalt Polymer

• Epoxy Asphalt Concrete is an excellent choice for

durable bridge road surface, with over 45 years of proof.

• Other features:

Surface is highly impervious, which reduces underlying steel deck corrosion Ability to bond, and stay bonded at elevated surface temperature Long lasting and elastic Can be used as thin overlay when weight is limiting factor Traffic can resume within 2 to 4 hours (for light traffic condition)

Epoxy Asphalt Polymer

• Other features
• The two-phase Epoxy Asphalt binder is a thermoset

polymer:

Epoxy Asphalt Polymer

• Effectiveness:

Low maintenance Reduce loading

• Limitation:

 Lack of industry-wide knowledge of its use Higher initial cost

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Fly Ash

• Use of fly ash in concrete mix, improve installation

and performance near coastal area.

• Many mixture available
• Improve performance of structure.

Bridge – Fly Ash

Fly Ash

• Fly ash is one of the residues generated in

combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases.

• Fly ash includes substantial amounts of silicon

dioxide (SiO2) (both amorphous and crystalline) and calcium oxide (CaO), both being endemic ingredients in many coal-bearing rock strata.

Fly Ash

• Effectiveness:

Moderate heat gain during curing Provides sulfide and sulfate resistance, especially in soil use Provide superior /more durable finished concrete (qualify as durable material); more predictable and consistence finish

Fly Ash

• Effectiveness:

 Produces high strength concrete for use in thinner sections Flexibility accommodates curves, arches, and other architectural shape. Improves flowability, which less wear, expense, tear of equipment. Ensure faster construction. Lower maintenance

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Bridge – Fly Ash

• Limitation:

Lack of industry wide knowledge of its use Problem with heat dissipation, especially in tropical area. Increases time need to reach full strength Longer setting time More susceptible to cold temperature,

Concrete – High Performance/High Strength

• High Performance Concrete (HPC) is a recent new

term.

• HPC is concrete that perform above common

industrial grade concrete.

• But this is not necessarily limited to strength alone.
• Put in another way, all high-strength concrete is

automatically high performance, but the converse is not always true….not all HPC is high-strength.

Concrete – High Performance/High Strength

• What makes high-strength concrete?
• Mineral admixture
• Chemical admixture
• Reduce weight requirement

Concrete – High Performance/High Strength

• A common use at present is also for lighter weight,

simpler, stronger bridges.

• A large portion of the design of a bridge is to simply

be able to support its own weight alone.

Concrete – High Performance/High Strength

• Effectiveness:

 Lighter weight, simpler, stronger bridges Longer span, fewer piers Replace heavy concrete decking with lighter, high performance concrete, steel, thus increasing bridge lifespan, and increasing traffic capacity.

• Limitation:

 Higher initial material cost. More extensive architectural/engineer development/planning

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Culvert - Arched

• The cost would be a small fraction of the cost to

rebuild structural steel bridge.

• Design effort and cost would be minimized to

determining hydrologic and hydraulic flow requirement.

• Fill above arched culvert would allow simple paved

roadway to be installed.

Culvert - Arched

• Pipe culverts, in comparison, have higher

maintenance and beaver activity.

• This is seldom a problem with properly sized arched

culvert.

• Pipe culverts tend to have higher plugging from

debris and blow outs, especially if undersized.

• Replacement may be recurring problem.
• Again, this is seldom a problem for properly sized

arched culverts.

Culvert - Arched

• Effectiveness:

 Substantial lower cost than structural steel bridge Greater design time and effort More cost effective for span greater than 13 feet, compare to pipe culvert. Maintain stream flow to natural width and flow condition (as opposed to possible hung culverts with standard pipe configuration – culverts hanging above water line).

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Culvert - Arched

• Limitation:

May be barrier to movement of large woody debris Should not be used where foundation is questionable Footing must be protected from scouring and subsurface flows. Should never be constructed on existing fill Can catastrophically fail if flow overtop road and fill is washed away or if scouring takes out footing or causes undermining. Higher upfront installation cost compared to pipe culvert, but greatly reduced future maintenance cost, especially cost to maintain culvert in place.

Culvert - Railroad Stainless Steel Tank Car Culvert Bridges

• An alternative is the use of salvaged stainless steel

tank railcar.

• Tank cars are shipped to location, as part of a train.
• At the site, the tank cars are uncoupled and lifted
• ff the rails.
• The railcar trunks and coupling are removed.
• The ends of the tank are torched off.
• The tank is used just like any other culvert, usually

trunked to the replacement site.

• The tank walls are so strong and thick, that they

normally do not have reinforcement, such as ribs, frames, etc.

Culvert - Railroad Stainless Steel Tank Car Culvert Bridges

• Effectiveness:

No maintenance – will withstand corrosive soil Cost effective – cost is less than CMP and last a lifetime Not damaged by flooding. If one is dislodged, it usually not damaged or

• flatten. Just reinstall.

Flow 30 to 40% more than same diameter RCP or CMP.

• Limitation:

 Limited sizes.

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• Bridge subject to periodic stream flooding that
• vertop bridge, washing out structure.

Culvert Relief

Culverts placement under Highway Bridge to prevent overtopping of bridge

• An alternate is a costly straightening of the stream

channel that includes extensive concrete embankment.

• Lost-cost mitigative solution was the installation of

a culvert across the curving floodplain, under the approach to the bridge.

Culvert Relief

Culvert Relief

• Effectiveness:

Comparably lower cost and very effective. Lower regulatory requirement Minimal environmental foot prints

• Limitation:

Bridge designer not familiar with effects/manipulation of streams

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Debris Sweeper

• Current induced rotating debris sweeper: A

solution to drift induced scour

Debris Sweeper

Debris Sweeper

• The debris sweeper is attached to a tracking

system, which mounts on a bridge pier or box culvert diaphragm wall.

Debris Sweeper

• Debris sweeper are installed in hundreds of locations in

Alabama, California, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Washington.

• The debris sweeper provides enhanced rotation for flat to

steep slope conditions by virtue of its computer generated fin design and polyethylene construction.

• Debris sweeper is a real solution to interrupting the cycle
• f drift removal, and a respite in maintenance due to drift

accumulation.

Debris Sweeper

• Effectiveness:

 Low maintenance Cost effective Not damaged by fast moving missiles, such as logs

• Limitation:

 Proper Installation

Small MUC Not intended for large ships or barges.

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• Geotextile filter fabric is a permeable textile

material that increases stability of underlying soil, provide for erosion protection, increase drainage.

Geotextile Filter Fabric

GPS Locations of Bridge Towers/Piers

• First efforts should be made to ensure Global

Positioning System (GPS) location of piers and towers in navigable waters be uploaded into databases of major GPS manufacturers, especially for maritime use.

• Recommend collision alarm be incorporated, just

as GPS alert of street intersection with traffic cameras and collision with merchant vessel.

GPS Locations of Bridge Towers/Piers

• Effectiveness:

 Effective under low visibility or night use.

• Limitation:

 GPS users do not

frequently update their GPS database.

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Jersey Barrier

• Jersey Barrier

K-Rail a rigid, tapered modular concrete barrier used to separate lanes of traffic traveling in opposite direction. Its architectural design is such that, it controls/focuses the energy of a vehicle striking it. It prevents crossover of head-on collision.

Jersey Barrier

• Jersey Barrier on Bridges

An important use is retrofitting of existing bridges prevent major damages to bridge infrastructure that could result in

• catastrophic failure,
• major repair cost of bridges.

Jersey Barrier

• Jersey Barrier

A typical Jersey barrier stands 32 inches (81 cm) tall made of steel-reinforced poured concrete designed to safely deflect vehicle energy away from the bridge, especially extremely heavy out-of-control semi- trucks. It starts with the first 2 inches from pavement rises vertically, next 10 inches rises at 55 degree angle, then remainder at 84 degree.

Jersey Barrier

Jersey Barrier

• Effectiveness:

Effective for small vehicles to gasoline laden tanker semi Greatly reduces kinetic/potential energy from being transferred to bridge infrastructure, thus greatly reducing damaging effects of all collision. Relatively easy to retrofit to existing bridge structure. Does not significantly increase weight loading of bridge..

Jersey Barrier

• Effectiveness:

Additional benefit of restraining vehicles from crashing

• ff side of bridge and falling into roadway, river or

railroad below. It prevents semi, buses, pedestrians and cyclist from vaulting or rolling over barrier.

• Limitation:

May not be practical to retrofit small, narrow bridges. May increase chance of vehicle roll over, if barrier is not smoothly finished.

• Wood rail ties

The standard choice, even today. When chemically impregnated, they have a relatively long life. They can be used on almost any type of bridge, since the spikes are hammered into ties, they can be used anywhere. However, they are still susceptible to rot, physical damages, and fire from fuel oil soaked from locomotive dripping. They have 20-30 life span

Railroad – Wood versus Concrete Ties

Railroad – Wood versus Concrete Ties

• Concrete Ties

Use is growing, more rigid than wooden, and will never rot. designed to expand and contract in unison with the welded railed they braced. They should have a life span exceeding 50 years with no failures

Railroad – Wood versus Concrete Ties

• So why go with concrete?

They allow for high track speed because they do not need periodic maintenance like wood. Because the track is more rigid, locomotive uses less fuel to pull across the bridge. Wood only has an advantage of costing 35% less, but that’s only for initial cost.

• In the long run, wood costs significant more than

concrete in overall cost and maintenance.

• Wood ties cost $28 each, versus $41 for each concrete

tie.

Railroad – Wood versus Concrete Ties

• Effectiveness:

Significant longer life Wooden ties may eventually be outlaw, thus forcing massive replacement with concrete. Stop maintenance work on tracks, which will result in structural impact on bridge, especially from heavy weight from maintenance equipment. While concrete ties are heavier, the much greater impact is from maintenance equipment.

Railroad – Wood versus Concrete Ties

• Limitation

Require custom hardware to hold rail to ties. Require machinery to be adjusted or layer. Initially more expensive Need proper air entrainment (5-7%) for freeze-thaw resistance

• Tuned Mass Dampener

Stopping of Bridge Stay/Suspension Cable Galloping

Stopping of Bridge Stay/Suspension Cable Galloping

Static span position amplitude of motion 1-loop galloping

Stopping of Bridge Stay/Suspension Cable Galloping

2-loop galloping Center of span amplitude of motion

Stopping of Bridge Stay/Suspension Cable Galloping

3-loop galloping amplitude of motion Nodes at 1/3 & 2/3 span

Stopping of Bridge Stay/Suspension Cable Galloping

• Vast human ingenuity has been devoted to the

problem of damping or eliminating this vibration, to protect the cable. This vibration can damage stays, cable and other connected parts.

Stopping of Bridge Stay/Suspension Cable Galloping

• Dog bones should be added at time of new

construction.

However, they can be added later, even if the cables are installed. This makes for a relatively inexpensive retrofit and mitigation, the bridge maintenance staff can install them while the bridge is in active use.

Stopping of Bridge Stay/Suspension Cable Galloping

• Spiral Vibration Damper

For smaller cable, a different dampener can be used, which is more effective than the Stockbridge style for this application. The spiral Vibration Damper has been successful for over three decades to control vibration induced by the wind for smaller sizes of cable and wire.

Stopping of Bridge Stay/Suspension Cable Galloping

• Effectiveness:

Very effective and economical De facto standard of major electrical utility, especially for transmission and feeder line Easy to install Can be retrofitted with bridge in service. Can be installed well after a cable has been installed or repaired

• Limitation:

Many bridge engineers are not aware of this technology

Bridge – FIU Sweetwater University City Pedestrian Bridge

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Bridge – FIU Sweetwater University City Pedestrian Bridge

• “accelerated bridge construction” methods
• Largest ever moved into position
• 174-foot, 950-ton section of the bridge was hoisted

into place

• Astable until all component are tied together
• Over Budget
• Design changes, including relocation of pylon
• Subsequent modification tend to be approved w/o

with full diligent used in original design.

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Contact Information

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Dennis A. Quan, ASFMA

IEM Public Assistance Program (941) 258-0135 dennis.quan@iem.com