Color orado A o ALTO P Project Clinician Training Provider - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Clinician Training

Color

• rado A
• ALTO P

Project

Provider Training Objectives

• Discuss the historical context and current state of the "opioid crisis"

facing the United States, and identify barriers to change

• Describe the appropriate use of alternatives to opioids for

treatment of different types of pain in the ED

• Review the implementation of an opioid-reduction process and

policy

Alarming Statistics

• Pain is the most common reason for visit

to the Emergency Department (ED).

• Colorado is at the center of the U.S.
• pioid epidemic with the 12th highest

rate of misuse and abuse of prescription

• pioids across all 50 states.
• Four out of 10 Colorado adults admit to

misuse of prescription medication: primarily pain killers.

• Overdoses: Two of every three from pharmaceuticals, to compared to
• ne of three from heroin.
• EDs are in a strong position to reduce opioid use in a population at

high risk for misuse and abuse through alternative pain management strategies.

Background

What is the answer?

Colorado Consortium for Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention.

Colorado ALTO Project

ALTO Pilot – Colorado ACEP Guidelines

• Non-opioid medications first
• Opioids as rescue therapy
• Multimodal and holistic pain management
• Pathways:
• Kidney stones
• Low back pain
• Fractures
• Headache
• Chronic abdominal pain

Colorado ACEP – 4 Pillars of Care

Limiting Opioids

Opioids are the most dangerous drug we prescribe. Every dose is playing with fire. How many of us…

• Perform a patient risk assessment before ordering an opioid?
• Consistently check the PDMP?
• Counsel patients on medication risks?
• Continue to prescribe opioids for back pain and headaches?

Know your prescribing practices. Remove preselected opioids from order sets. Meet with your partners – decide to play by the same set of rules.

Alternatives To Opioids

• Multi-modal non-opiate approach to analgesia for specific conditions
• Goals: To utilize non-opiate approaches as first-line therapy and educate our

patients:

• Discuss realistic pain management goals with patients
• Discuss addiction potential and side effects with using opiates
• Opiates will be second-line treatment
• Opiates can be given as rescue medication

LaPietra A. ALTOSM Program.

CERTA Approach

• Channels/Enzymes/Receptors Targeted Analgesia (CERTA)
• Shift from a symptom-based approach to a mechanistic

approach

• Targeted, patient-focused analgesic approach utilizing

combinations of non-opioid analgesics

• Results in:
• Greater analgesia
• Reduced doses of each medication
• Fewer side effects
• Shorter length of stay

CERTA Pathway Examples

• Channels:
• Sodium (Lidocaine)
• Calcium (Gabapentin)
• Enzymes:
• COX 1,2,3 (NSAIDS)
• Receptors:
• MOP/DOP/KOP (Opioids)
• NMDA (Ketamine/Magnesium)
• GABA(Gabapentin/Sodium Valproate)
• 5HT1-4(Haloperidol/Ondansetron/Metoclopramide)
• D1-2(Haloperidol/Chlorpromazine/Prochlorperazine)

Lidocaine

• Acts on central and peripheral voltage dependent sodium

channels, G protein-coupled receptors and NMDA receptors

• Used topically, intravenously or as trigger point injections
• When used at low doses, IV lidocaine is generally benign
• Caution should be used when giving IV to patients with a severe cardiac history
• MSK, migraines, renal colic, abdominal, neuropathic
• Lidocaine patches are great for pain!
• Lidocaine IV doses ≤ 1.5 mg/kg over 10-60 min may be given in

non-ICU areas (max 200 mg/dose)

Ketamine

• Antagonizes NMDA receptors
• When used at low doses, it is generally benign
• Used intranasally or intravenously
• Should not be used in patients with PTSD

Ketamine

• Ketamine use is dose-dependent
• May be used for analgesia at doses ≤ 0.2 mg/kg via slow

IVP or 0.1 mg/kg/hr infusion

• May be given in non-ICU areas
• Ketamine 50 mg can also be given
• No IV access
• Can be used adjunctively with opioids to reduce opioid

requirements

Other Options

Ketorolac (Toradol)

• IV 10 to 15 mg for everyone / IM 30mg not 60mg!
• No difference in pain reduction @ lower doses
• Great for many indications including musculoskeletal/pelvic pain and renal colic

Haloperidol (Haldol)

• Low dose (2.5 mg IV)
• Good for nausea/pain, cannabinoid induced hyperemesis or cyclic vomiting
• Some evidence in Neuropathic Pain

Dicyclomine (Bentyl)

• MOA: antispasmodic and anticholinergic agent that acts to alleviate smooth

muscle spasms in the GI tract

• 20 mg/kg PO or IM (IM only!!!)
• Great for abdominal pain and cramping

Other Options

Haloperidol/Ondansetron/Metoclopramide/sumatriptan Gabapentin/Valproate

• 5HT1-4 and GABA receptors modulate pain in the spinal cord

DDAVP

• Synthetic vasopression – some evidence of relief of renal colic

Nitrous Oxide

• Effect is that of opioid and benzodiazepines
• Safe, short acting
• Use for painful procedures, decreases opioid usage

Trigger Point Injections

Indications:

• Myofascial Pain Syndrome
• Headaches - Tension and Migraines
• Musculoskeletal Back Pain
• Torticollis
• Trapezius Strain

Concerns:

• Infection
• Hematoma
• Arterial Injection (Bupivacaine)
• PTX on Chest

Fascia Iliaca Block for Hip Fractures

• A three-in-one block – lateral

femoral cutaneous, femoral and

• bturator nerve
• Great for hip blocks
• Risks: Hematoma (especially with

anticoagulants), anesthetic toxicity, infection, nerve injury

• Practically eliminate pain and need

for opioids for eight hours

• Great in geriatric populations that

have high risks of opioid side effects

• Easy and safe to do in the ED

Treatment of Addicted Patients and Referrals

We can do more to stop the epidemic.

• Do we do a good job helping our addicted patients?
• Does your ED have a SBIRT program?
• How do we facilitate MAT referrals?
• How many of us have initiated Suboxone in the ED?

In Hospitals:

• Start patients on MAT – Suboxone waiver?
• Special rule for OUD patients – No Opioids, No Procedures

Project Champions

• ED Nursing
• Director, charge RNs, staff
• ED Physicians
• Director, staff
• Hospital Leadership
• CEO, CNO, CMO
• Other Support
• Quality Improvement
• IT/Data Support
• Pharmacy
• Communications/Marketing

Policy Changes

• Procedural Sedation
• Ketamine dosing – clearly define analgesia vs sedation doses
• < 0.25 mg/kg slow IVP = analgesia
• ≥ 1 mg/kg slow IVP = sedation = “timeout”
• High-Risk Medication Administration
• Lidocaine administration
• 1.5 mg/kg bolus over 10-60 min = non-ICU areas
• Cardiac lidocaine = ICU
• Ketamine administration
• < 0.25 mg/kg slow IVP + 0.1 mg/kg/hr x 48 hrs max = non-ICU areas
• 1-2 mg/kg IV + 5-30 mg/hr = CCU

Pharmacy/IT Support

• Education
• Nurses, physicians, pharmacists
• CPOE
• Creation of pain treatment order set
• Create order strings for unique entries – clearly label “for pain”

Pharmacy/IT Support

• Smart Pumps
• Addition of new medications – clearly label “for pain”
• Lidocaine
• Bolus = 1.5 mg/kg in 100 mL NS over 10 min
• Ketamine
• Bolus = 50 mg/5 mL prefilled syringe entry to infuse over 10 min
• Gtt = 100 mg/50 mL NS max 0.1 mg/kg/hr

Data Collection

• Metrics
• # of ED opioid administrations
• Measured in morphine equivalent units/1000 ED visits
• # of ED ALTO administrations
• Data Source
• EHR and administrative data
• Optional Metric
• Ratio of opioids administered to ALTOs administered/physician

Partners

Questions? Resources www.cha.com/opioid Contact Information

Don Stader, MD, FACEP Colorado ALTO Project Physician Champion donald.stader@gmail.com

You save e lives es ev every day … … Thank y you.