CS5412: DANGERS OF CONSOLIDATION Lecture XXIII Ken Birman Are - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
CS5412 Sping 2015 1 CS5412: DANGERS OF CONSOLIDATION Lecture XXIII Ken Birman Are Clouds Inherently Dangerous? 2 Gene Spafford, famous for warning that the emperor has no clothes fears that moving critical information to the cloud
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Gene Spafford, famous for warning that the emperor
His concern?
Concentration of key resources creates
Risk of a virus spreading like wildfire
Core issue: Clouds create monocultures
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Such systems share vulnerabilities, hence they are at risk
Cloned plants Cloned babies
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Large numbers of instances of identical programs or
Wide use of the same programming language or
Any standard defines a kind of monoculture
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SSL (renamed Transport Layer Security: TLS) is a
Involves use of keys from certificate authorities to
Used for connections to https websites
Issue: OpenSSL was an open source effort
And open development: anonymous contributors One of those contributors introduced a bug in ~2012
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OpenSSL has a heart beat protocol
“If you are still there, send me XX bytes to prove it” Normally XX was small, like 16, but the client could
With big values a buffer-read overrun caused
And, in that memory area, one could sometimes find
YELLOW SUBMARINE
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In the cloud community, majority solutions often
Everyone then uses them: They are “presumed to be
And if one of those shared elements is buggy, every
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Configuration attacks.
Exploit aspects of the configuration. Vulnerability introduced by system
administrator or user who installs software on the target.
Includes compiling SNDMAIL with the back door enabled
Technology attacks.
Exploit programming or design errors in software running on the target.
Vulnerability introduced by software builder.
Here hacker breaks in via buggy code
Trust attacks.
Exploit assumptions made about the trustworthiness of a client or server.
Vulnerability introduced by system or network architect.
Hacker abuses legitimate access, like a hospital worker who peeks at
Lindsey Lohan’s medical records
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System configuration (today) is hard to get right and thus is best done by
would allow that.
Configuration attacks are considered “low hanging fruit” and thus likely
are the dominant form of attack today.
Configurations change not only because a system administrator installs
software but also from a user visiting web sites or interacting with web services that cause software downloads.
To rule-out such downloads could be a serious limitation on system
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Question becomes: what percent of attacks
… nobody knows! But gray-hat hackers assure us that things like standard
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Earliest Internet Worm was launched at Cornell!
A brief episode of notoriety for us Worm exploited variety of simple mechanisms to break
It had a simple trick to prevent itself from reinfecting an
But even if present, reinfected with a small probability Idea was to jump back onto systems that might have been
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Vast majority of computer viruses and worms
For example, failure to check boundaries on arrays Very common in code written in C++ or C because
Nothing stops an input from overrunning the end of the
What lives beyond the end
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Two cases to consider
Array is on the stack (local to some active method) Array is in the program’s data or BSS area, or was
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Target array registers, return PC locals registers, return PC foo(1, 2, 3) direction of stack growth Other locals
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Target array registers, return PC locals registers, return PC foo(1, 2, 3) Other locals unreasonably long input string
locals and registers and the return PC
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registers, return PC locals foo(1, 2, 3)
PC points into data on the stack Compromised content includes virus code
Attacker replaced the return PC with an address in the middle of the injected string
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Attacker needs to be able to predict
Where the target string lives in memory How the stack is arranged What the code that reads the string will do
Trick is to get the code to jump into the data read
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The hacker doesn’t have much “room” for instructions So typically this logic is very limited: often just code
In effect, the initial attack is a bootstrap program It loads and launches a more serious program
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String loads code that simply allocates a much
Allows the attacker to send a multi-GB program
Trick is to take over but not trigger exceptions If the attack causes the program to throw an exception,
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Here attacker might be in a position to overwrite other
This does assume some “predictability” in memory layout! We could perhaps replace a filename it reads or one it
Of course the program will now be a very sick puppy but it
That I/O becomes a “point of leverage” that the attacker
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Any program that works with strings in C or C++ is at risk
void unsafe(char *a, char *b) { char tmp[32]; strcpy(tmp, a); strcat(tmp, b); return(strcmp(tmp, “foobar”)); }
Problem here isn’t with the input length per-se but with the
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People have modified C to check array bounds
This only helps in limited ways
C and C++ and Fortran are unsafe by design because
They let us treat an object of one type as if it was of some
And they impose no real boundary checking at all
Fixing the language would break many programs that
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Back doors, such as debug or maintenance features Passwords left with their default values Automated file or patch download features that can
Code that has built-in features that can be misused
… in fact the list is really endless!
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We simply don’t have a good way to create things
Lacking those, trying to find problems in existing code is
At best we can prove properties of
Or they sneak in over time
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Anyhow, it makes no sense to imagine that we would tell
With EC2 we just hand Amazon an executable
How will it know if the binaries were compiled using the
What if the version of the compiler matters? Generally not viewed as a realistic option
In fact when C and C++ run on .NET many of these
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A good firewall can block many kinds of attacks But something will get through eventually, we can’t
And once the virus breaks in, it compromises every
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Today: Focus on these kinds of viral attacks Thursday: Look at the bigger picture
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How can we do that?
The attacker is taking advantage of knowledge of the
An “unpredictable” program would have crashed but
Can we take a program written in C or C++ and make
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Idea is simple:
Modify the runtime to randomly allocate chunks of memory
We can also add a chunk of unpredictable size to the
Attacker countermeasures?
May be possible to use a “block” of jump instructions, no-
Or might guess the offset and try, try again... If the
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If enabled, a wide variety of randomization
Just a bit in the runtime environment you can set But important to retest programs with stack
Some programs depend on bugs, other issues!
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Diverse OS can scramble the number of system calls Placement of segments in memory can be varied Code can be dynamically relinked to reorder the
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For example, database “code injection” attacks have a
Intended code
SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = '" + userName + "';" Limits query to data for this user
Attacker sends a “faulty” name argument:
' or '1'='1 SELECT * FROM users WHERE name = ` ’ or ‘1’=1; There are many examples of this kind because many
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This is easy:
Read the input Then “clean it up” Then pass it in to the application
As long as the developer uses the right tools these
But not every developer cooperates
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One project at Microsoft monitors program crashes
Each time a crash happens they look to see what input
In one project they create virus “signatures” In another they automatically combine these to create a
Use gossip, rapidly and robustly disseminate the fix
Manuel Costa, Jon Crowcroft, Miguel Castro, Antony Rowstron, Lidong Zhou, Lintao Zhang, and Paul Barham, Vigilante: End-to-End Containment of Internet Worms, in ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles (SOSP), Brighton, UK, Oct 2005
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Before installing a patch, verify that problem is real
Proof: Example of an input that will cause a crash or
Verification: Try it inside a virtual machine
One issue: if the filter is too broad, it might block
We want to block the attack but not legitimate users
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Some attacks don’t actually compromise a program
For example, the early Internet worm operated by
Code was written by Eric Allman and was unstable for
So he needed ways to see what the problem was Included a debug feature allowing him to use SNDMAIL as a
Internet worm used this “feature” as one of its attack vectors
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Backdoor attacks use legitimate features of a
The program isn’t really malfunctioning or compromised But it still does things for us that allow breakin For example, can use SNDMAIL to copy a modified
This modified program might work normally, but always
Better compiler won’t help…
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A back door is a problem with the specification
The program shouldn’t have functionality that replaces
Yet it is very hard to pin down the rules we need to
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Photo from http://culturadigitalbau.wikispaces.com/ file/view/thompson.c1997.102634882.lg.jpg/212982274/thompson.c1997.102634882.lg.jpg
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Ken Thompson discussed hidden back doors in a
He considered the Unix login program Showed how a macro substitution could insert a back
Then pointed out that the macro preprocessor could
Then he applied this to the macro preprocessor itself Ended up with a vanilla-looking Unix system that would
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In general, covert “virtualized” platforms lurk in many
Virus could virtualize your machine Attacker with serious resources could sneak a monitoring
Even the network could potentially “host” a covert computing
Very hard to really secure modern computing systems.
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Even common devices can have backdoors
Line printers often have a wide variety of network APIs Network routers and firewalls The virtualization platforms that operate the cloud Web browsers…
We seem to be surrounded by insecure components
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By running the user’s code in a virtual machine the
We share a machine but I can’t see your work and you
Virtualization code needs to block things like putting the
Forces us to trust the VM hypervisor and the hardware
Now a virus can only harm the user that “let it in”
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Run different products that offer equivalent
Strange finding: researchers have shown that for many
Consider morphing the system calls: code would need to
Vary thread scheduling order dynamically
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This is sometimes called “defense in depth” The first line of defense is the dynamically
But if it does, randomization has some chance of
Each new obstacle is a hurdle for the attacker
Will this stop attacks? Only simple ones... but most
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The cloud seems so risky that it makes no sense at
Yet we seem to trust
This puts the fate of your
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Categories of concerns
Client platform inadequacies, code
Internet outages, routing problems,
Cloud platform might be operated by an untrustworthy third
Provider might develop its own scalability problems Consolidation creates monoculture threats Cloud security model is very narrow and might not cover
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With a private server, DDoS attacks often succeed
In contrast, it can be hard to DDoS a cloud The DDoS operator spends real money and won’t want
Thus because cloud is hard to DDoS, cloud emerges as
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Diversity can compensate for monoculture worries Elasticity is a unique capability not seen in other
Ability to host and compute on massive data sets is
Obviously, only of value if task is suited this style of
... the list goes on
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And cheaper, too! What’s not to love?
Imagine that you work for a large company that is
Now the cloud suddenly offers absolutely unique
Should you recommend that your boss drink the potion?
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… maybe that’s the question … or maybe there is no other choice anymore