Distributed Wind Technology for Hydrogen Production Hosted by Val - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Distributed Wind Technology for Hydrogen Production

Hosted by Val Stori, Project Director, CESA March 27, 2014

Clean Energy States Alliance and The Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster Present

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www.cleanenergystates.org

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Housekeeping

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www.cleanenergystates.org

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About CESA

Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) is a national nonprofit

• rganization working to implement smart clean energy

policies, programs, technology innovation, and financing tools, primarily at the state level. At its core, CESA is a national network of public agencies that are individually and collectively working to advance clean energy.

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About NEESC

The Northeast Electrochemical Energy Storage Cluster (NEESC) is a network of industry, academic, government and non- governmental leaders working together to help businesses provide energy storage solutions. The cluster is based in New York, New Jersey, and the New England States. Its initial formation and development is funded through the US Small Business Administration’s Innovative Economies Initiative and administered by the Connecticut Center for Advanced Technology, Inc. (CCAT). ​The cluster is focused on businesses that provide the innovative development, production, promotion and deployment of hydrogen fuels and fuel cells to meet the pressing demand for energy storage solutions.

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www.cleanenergystates.org

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Today’s Guest Speakers

Steve Szymanski, Proton OnSite Tara Schneider Moran, Town of Hempstead, NY Kevin Harrison, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

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Thank you for attending our webinar

Val Stori Project Director, CESA Val@cleanegroup.org Recording found at www.cleanenergystates.org/webinars/ Find us online: www.cleanenergystates.org facebook.com/cleanenergystates @CESA_news on Twitter

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www.cleanenergystates.org

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Today’s Guest Speakers

Tara Schneider Moran, Town of Hempstead, NY Tara.Schneider@gmail.com Kevin Harrison, National Renewable Energy Laboratory kevin.harrison@nrel.gov Steve Szymanski, Proton OnSite sszymanski@protononsite.com

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Wind to Hydrogen: Technology Status and Commercial Prospects

Presented by: Stephen Szymanski Director – Government Business, Proton OnSite

sszymanski@protononsite.com 203.678.2338

March 27, 2014

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Who We Are: Proton OnSite

• Manufacturer of hydrogen, nitrogen and purified

air generators

– Over 2,000 systems in 75+ countries – Market leader in PEM electrolysis

2

Proton’s World Headquarters in Wallingford, CT

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S Series H Series Hydrogen Control Systems StableFlow HOGEN Hydrogen Generators

TM

GC

Hydrogen Products

Commercial Products Emerging Markets

Fueling Biogas Renewable Energy Storage

Lab Gas Generators C Series

3

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2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013E

Steady Revenue Growth

Fueling Growth

• Laboratory market in US and China
• Power plant markets in Middle East, Africa, India and China
• Large projects including containerized solutions
• C-Series for fueling as well as semiconductor applications globally
• Further growth enabled through larger (MW-scale) products

4

Achieved Profitability

>20% CAGR

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Fundamentals of PEM Electrolysis

PEM innovators: Grubb & Neidrach, GE Research, 1955

PEM Electrolysis PEM Electrolysis

Cathode

+

• Anode

e- e- e-

O

e-

Power Supply

Solid Electrolyte Proton Exchange Membrane

+ +

O

e- e- e-

Oxygen + + + + + +

F F F F F F SO3H SO3H C F C O C F C F C O C F R

f

R

f

+

H H H H

Water

e- e-

H H

O

PEM Fuel Cell PEM Fuel Cell

Anode

+

• Cathode

e- e- e- e-

Electric load

Solid Electrolyte Proton Exchange Membrane

+ +

e- e- e-

Hydrogen Oxygen + + + + + +

F F F F F F SO3H SO3H C F C O C F C F C O C F R

f

R

f

+

H H H H

e- e-

Water

H H

O O O

PEM Electrolysis PEM Electrolysis

Cathode

+

• Anode

e- e- e-

O

e-

Power Supply

Solid Electrolyte Proton Exchange Membrane

+ +

O

e- e- e-

Oxygen + + + + + +

F F F F F F SO3H SO3H C F C O C F C F C O C F R

f

R

f

+

H H H H

Water

e- e-

H H

O

Cathode

+

• Anode

e- e- e-

O

e-

Power Supply

Solid Electrolyte Proton Exchange Membrane Solid Electrolyte Proton Exchange Membrane

+ +

O

e- e- e-

Oxygen + + + + + +

F F F F F F SO3H SO3H C F C O C F C F C O C F R

f

R

f

R

f

R

f

+

H H H H H H H H

Water

e- e-

H H

O

PEM Fuel Cell PEM Fuel Cell

Anode

+

• Cathode

e- e- e- e-

Electric load

Solid Electrolyte Proton Exchange Membrane

+ +

e- e- e-

Hydrogen Oxygen + + + + + +

F F F F F F SO3H SO3H C F C O C F C F C O C F R

f

R

f

+

H H H H

e- e-

Water

H H

O O O

PEM Fuel Cell PEM Fuel Cell

Anode

+

• Cathode

e- e- e- e-

Electric load

Solid Electrolyte Proton Exchange Membrane Solid Electrolyte Proton Exchange Membrane

+ +

e- e- e-

Hydrogen Oxygen + + + + + +

F F F F F F SO3H SO3H C F C O C F C F C O C F R

f

R

f

R

f

R

f

+

H H H H H H H H

e- e-

Water

H H

O O O O O

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Integrated Low Pressure Electrolyzer

Photo courtesy of Hamilton Sundstrand

Virginia Class Submarine

PEM Electrolyzer technology has a long history of reliability in critical military applications:

Oxygen generation for life support: US, UK, French submarine fleets

Proton cell stack

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Hydrogen Value in the Energy Ecosystem

• Drives multiple value/revenue

streams

• Scalable and flexible
• Provides a critical grid

stabilization capability for high RE penetration

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Energy Storage Segmentation Map

Courtesy of Fraunhofer ISE, 2013

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Broad Applicability

• f Hydrogen

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Sandia National Laboratory Analysis

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Batteries Electrolysis Storage Capacity <10 hours Expandable with inexpensive storage Cycle Life Limited Unlimited Cost Challenges Yes Leverage fuel cell scale up Scale Unproven 100 year technology

Cost analysis shows cost effectiveness of hydrogen ESS

Sandia public report: SAND2011-4845

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Example: Wind to Hydrogen for Transport

• Synthetic Energy, Idaho
• Stranded Wind to Industrial Hydrogen
• >130000 SCF every two weeks to

NORCO via tank trailer

Entegrity Wind Turbines

H6M Electrolyzers at Synthetic Energy

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Example: Wind to Hydrogen to Ammonia

University of Minnesota, wind to ammonia pilot plant

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Proton supplied H2 and N2 generation Haber-Bosch reactor Ammonia storage Onsite wind power

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Market pull for large scale electrolysis:

• Market has emerged in three compelling areas:

– Conversion of CO2 from biogas plants to useable methane – Storage of renewable energy for grid stabilization – Hydrogen fuel for industrial and light duty vehicles

• Each of these are multi billion dollar addressable

markets – in Germany alone!

• Proton targeting market entry with 1 and 2 MW

electrolyzer building blocks in 2015.

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MW Product Overview

• Product size based on input energy capture
• Design approach

– 1 MW electrolysis modules – Power supplies, controls, ancillaries sized a multi-MW scale

• Multi-stack architecture per MW
• Large active area stack platform
• Open-frame skid modular configuration
• Capex vs. efficiency trade-off for

specific market applications

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Large Active Area PEM Stack

MW-scale concept

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System Concepts ( 2MW shown)

In Building Containerized

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Cost Trade Studies

• Stack cost as function of cells/stack

15

6 5 4 3

• No. of Stacks =

2

75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 50 100 150 200

Stack $/kW Normalized Cells/Stack Baseline 1 MW Power Current Density = 2A/cm2

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Cost Trade Studies

• Stack cost as function of current density

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1000 kW 1300 kW 1600 kW 2000 kW 3200 kW 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 System $/kW Normailzed

Stack Current Density (A/cm2)

Baseline 1 MW

• No. of Stack = 6

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Cell Stacks Costs Coming Down

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Gen 1 Design Gen 2 Design

• 15% Increase in active area
• Smaller overall footprint
• 40% lower in cost

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System Scale-up/Cost Reduction Experience

• Demonstrated scale up of >10X
• Resulted in greater than 70% cost reduction

Product Type HOGEN S-Series HOGEN H-Series HOGEN C-Series Product Launch 2000 2003 2010 Cells/stack 10-20 34 65 Stacks/system 1 1-3 1-3 H2 Output (Nm3/hr) 1.05 6 30 $/kW vs. S-series 100% 43% 28%

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Scale-Up Cost Reduction Trajectory

• Straight-forward engineering scale-up of current products
• Critical technology elements already developed

19 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% S40 H6M C30 0.5 MW 1 MW 2 MW 2 MW Adv % of Baseline Cost/kW

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MW Product Market Feedback

• Multiple value stream business model needed

Market Application Examples: Target System Cost per kW in 2018 (10% IRR, 5 Year Forecast)

$- $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000 $1,200 $1,400 $1,600 Low High

CAISO Market (4 Hr)

Frequency Regulation Flexible Ramping Spinning Reserve Flexible Capacity for RA Energy Arbitrage $- $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000 $1,200 $1,400 $1,600 1 2

CAISO Renewable Integration (4 Hr)

ITC Wind firming (DA vs RT) Flexible Capacity for RA Flexible Ramping $- $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000 $1,200 $1,400 $1,600 Low High

PJM Regulation (15 min)

Frequency Regulation 24 $- $200 $400 $600 $800 $1,000 $1,200 $1,400 $1,600 Low High

PJM Customer-side (6 Hr)

Spinning Reserves Economic DR Capacity Demand Charge Retail Energy Arbitrage

Except for frequency regulation, need to stack multiple applications

Source: J. Judson-McQueeny, 2013

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Summary

• US has not seen first hand the issues with

renewable penetration – like Germany.

• Electrolyzers do not play everywhere but have a

role especially for longer duration storage.

• Thinking of the electric grid and the

transportation sector as one energy stream is emerging (overseas first).

• The US is lagging most of the world in

recognizing and addressing storage.

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WIND to HYDROGEN

@ Town of Hempstead Energy Park

Tara Schneider-Moran Town of Hempstead

• Dept. of Conservation & Waterways

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Wind to Hydrogen Background Hydrogen Station Project Implementation Wind Turbine Project Implementation Wind to Hydrogen Present & Future

Presentation Timeline

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ENERGY PARK Location

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ENERGY PARK

Location

Conservation & Waterways Point Lookout, NY

Outreach for Community Environmental facility with an environmental message Model for Others Data Collection and Monitoring

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ENERGY PARK Solar PV

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ENERGY PARK Solar PV

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ENERGY PARK NYIT Solar House

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ENERGY PARK NYIT Solar House

• Represents various technologies incorporated into one system
• Geothermal, Solar PV, Solar Thermal, Controls System (BMS),

Sustainable Materials

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ENERGY PARK Geothermal

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ENERGY PARK Shellfish Aquaculture Facility

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ENERGY PARK Shellfish Aquaculture Facility

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ENERGY PARK Wind to Hydrogen Project

100 kW Wind Turbine

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WIND TO HYDROGEN Project Goals Evaluate Zero Emissions Fuel

Energy Storage with Hydrogen

Establish Partnerships

Outreach & Education

Demonstrate Alternative Fuels

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WIND TO HYDROGEN Funding Partners

Hydrogen Fueling Station – Total Cost: $2.1 Million

• NYSERDA (New York State Energy Research & Development Authority)
• PON 1082 – Hydrogen Transportation Development Program
• Requested proposals that supported the NYS Hydrogen Roadmap and demonstrated

HICE technology

• National Grid – NYS Alternative Fuels Tax Credit – 50% of total station cost
• $55,000 R&D grant towards HICE
• GLICCC/DOE – CNG Pick-Up Trucks
• Toyota – FCHV Prototype Program
• Town of Hempstead – Site Construction Cost Share
• US Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point – Technical Support

100 kW Wind Turbine – Total Cost: $613,000

• Department of Energy – ARRA EECBG
• Town of Hempstead – Site Construction Cost Share
• NREL – Technical Support

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HYDROGEN STATION Contractors

Contractor Role

Town of Hempstead

Project Management & Site Construction

Air Products

Sub: Proton Electrolyzer Manufacturer & Integration

PW Grosser Consulting

Professional Engineer

EmPower Clean Energy

Assistant PM, Data Analysis & Outreach Coordinator Sub: Bravery Corporation Branding & Web Design Sub: TM Bier & Associates Data Acquisition & Monitoring System

Clean Vehicle Solutions

Ford F250 and E450 CNG/HCNG Conversions

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HYDROGEN STATION Design & Permitting

Road Opening Permit Sewer Connection Permit Sewer Discharge Permit Fire Marshal Approval

Directional Drill

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HYDROGEN STATION Design & Permitting

350 Bar vs. 700 Bar Electrolyzer Back-Up Power Fueling Capacity Electric Infrastructure

H2 Tube Trailer Switchgear Housing H2 Discharge Stanchion

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HYDROGEN STATION

3 Fuels, Transition to the Future

• Produced on-site with by electrolysis.

Requires electricity and connection to potable water system.

• Compressed, Stored at 6500psi & Dispensed

at 5000psi (350 bar)

Hydrogen

• Natural Gas supplied from existing

infrastructure

• Compressed, Stored on-site, and Dispensed at

3600psi

CNG

(Compressed Natural Gas)

• 20% Hydrogen, 80% CNG by Volume
• Blended on demand through blending

equipment

• Dispensed through distinct dispenser

HCNG

Hydrogen & Compressed Natural Gas Blend

HCNG & CNG Nozzles

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HYDROGEN STATION Major Equipment

Hydrogen PEM Electrolyzer – 12 kg/day

• Proton

Hydrogen, CNG Compressors

• Air Products/PDC, Bauer

Hydrogen, CNG Storage HCNG Blender

• Air Products

Hydrogen, HCNG, CNG Dispensers & Nozzles

• Air Products, WEH, OPI

Proton Electrolyzer

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HYDROGEN STATION Vehicles

• Toyota Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles (FCHV). Prototypes.

Hydrogen

• Ford F250 Pick-Up Trucks. After-market Conversion.

CNG

• Ford E450 Shuttle Bus. After-market Conversion.

HCNG

Hydrogen FCHVs HCNG Shuttle Bus CNG Pick-Up Trucks

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WIND ENERGY 100 kW Wind Turbine

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WIND ENERGY Information Gathering

• Motivated by Commissioner Ron Masters
• LIPA Feasibility Study on Wind
• 2 Year Wind Data Baseline - Installed

anemometer, proved excellent wind resource average 13 mph, 6 m/s @ 25 m

• Informational Meetings:
• Local Municipalities, Universities, Private

Industry

• Suffolk County, LIPA, National Grid,

Merchant Marine Academy

• Site Visits: Hull, MA and Half Hollow

Nursery

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WIND ENERGY 100 kW Funding Energy Efficiency & Conservation Block Grant (EECBG)

– ARRA Funding – Administered by DOE – $4,577,700 grant – Assigned to Conservation & Waterways

Project Activities

– Building Audits & Retrofits – Lighting/HVAC Upgrades, Geothermal, Energy Billing Database, Marina LED Dock Lighting – Solar PV – Transportation – Anti-Idling Demo Project – Wind Turbine – 100kW – Energy & Sustainability Master Plan – Outreach & Education

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WIND ENERGY Site Selection Technical Feasibility

Wind Resource – from anemometer and Skystream 2.4kW wind turbine @ Shellfish Facility Foundation – Test boring to 25 feet for foundation to determine soil type, groundwater elevation, weight bearing capacity

Energy Load, Innovation, Education

Hydrogen Fueling Station – new energy load, required solution, wind to hydrogen energy storage demonstration Energy Park – great addition for outreach & education

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WIND ENERGY Site Selection Environmental Review & Public Process

Federal NEPA – Environmental Assessment (EA) was required, project received a Finding Of No Significant Impact (FONSI) State SEQRA – Project received a Negative Declaration

Permits

Not required on Town property, but worked very closely with the Town’s Building Department during the site selection, design and construction phases

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WIND ENERGY Turbine Selection

Northern Power (NP) 100

Gearless Direct Drive: no gearbox, generator and rotor are direct coupled, moving together at same speed = Less moving parts = lower maintenance costs Tower Height – at 120 feet, this was a “small” wind turbine, compared to MW sizes, good fit for local community Power Size – 100 kW was acceptable for the existing electrical infrastructure, saving on up front installation costs Net Metering – NP100 is on the LIPA approved list for net metering, no Power Purchase Agreement required Buy American Provision – NP is a Vermont company, met ARRA funding requirements

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WIND ENERGY Turbine Specs

Northern Power 100, Manufactured in Vermont, USA Tower Height 120 Feet Rotor Diameter 70 Feet (each blade, 35 feet) Yaw Upwind, Electronic Control System Wind Change > 5 degrees & sustains that change for 1 minute, nacelle will yaw into the wind Cut-In Speed 3.5 m/s (7.8 mph) Cut-Out Speed 27 m/s (60 mph) witnessed during Sandy Noise 55 dBA, quieter than nearby road noise Total Cost (Design & Construction) $613,000

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WIND ENERGY Performance

2012 EPA Environmental Quality Award for Wind Turbine and Energy Park

Power Production

Commissioned December 2011 1st Year 221,629 kWh (with approx.one month down time)

• Enough to power ~25 Long Island homes

2nd Year 229,442 kWh (with approx. one month down time) To Date (3/26/14) 543,939 kWh

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WIND TO HYDROGEN Operation & Maintenance

Hydrogen Station is not Turn-Key Dedicated Staff Observing the Station Daily Separate Contracts with major equipment manufacturers Train Town Employees to perform basic maintenance tasks Tower Climbing Certification for Town Employees

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WIND TO HYDROGEN Resiliency

• No damage from flooding at either wind turbine or hydrogen station
• Designed to 100 year flood elevation
• Minor flooding around base of Wind Turbine – performed post-

hurricane engineering review Hurricane Sandy

• System is net-metered – without grid power, turbine will not run
• No power for approx. 2 weeks post-hurricane
• Opportunity for microgrid demonstration in future

Future Mirogrid Opportunity

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WIND TO HYDROGEN Outreach & Education

NY Agricultural Women Nassau County Bar Association NYC Engineering Society Utilities Local Municipalities Middle and High Schools Universities Science Summer Camps International Visitors - Tokyo Gas, Korean manufacturing company, Chinese Engineers, Engineers from Toyota HQ in Japan

School Group Visiting Shellfish Facility

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WIND TO HYDROGEN Training & Workshops

Hydrogen Safety Classes

– Provided by Air Products (fueling station installer), and Toyota (fuel cell division) – Trained local fire departments, Fire Marshal

Hydrogen Curriculum Workshop for Teachers

– Provided by Nassau BOCES

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Multimedia Website Social Media Videos Branding Brochures Signage (with Solar LED Lighting) Formalize Curriculum and Tours Partner w/ local education institutions Establish a team to give regular tours Develop Labs/Activities, Worksheets

WIND TO HYDROGEN Next Steps for Outreach

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WIND TO HYDROGEN Future Projects

• Integrate microgrid technology with Wind to Hydrogen project

Microgrid

• Reverse Osmosis to provide potable water to NYIT Solar House

Desalination

• Utilize currents in Reynolds Channel to power marinas

Tidal Power

• Build out metering system and integrate with public website

Data Acquisition & Monitoring System

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THANK YOU!

Tara Schneider-Moran

• Dept. of Conservation & Waterways

516.431.9200 tara.schneider@gmail.com

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CESA/NEESC Webinar

Distributed Wind Technology for Hydrogen Production Kevin Harrison

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

March 27, 2014

This presentation does not contain any proprietary, confidential, or otherwise restricted information

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Outline

2

• Introduction
• Justification
• NREL’s Wind-to-Hydrogen Project
• Research & Development

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Why Renewable Electrolysis?

Hydrogen can be made in a large scale from a wide variety of energy sources

• Biomass (30 billion kg H2/year)
• Renewable electricity (wind, solar – 991 billion kg H2/year)
• Nuclear (4 billion kg/year)
• Natural gas (27 billion kg/year)
• Coal with sequestration (40 billion kg/year)

See NRC scenario utilizing diverse feedstocks for hydrogen production

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Energy Storage Technologies

http://energystorage.org/system/files/resources/sand2013-5131.pdf

Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

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50 100 150 200 250 300 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 2030 Cumulative Installed Capacity (GW) Offshore Land-based

2013 2013

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The project has evolved over the past 7 years to meet changing industry, NREL and DOE needs

Renewable Electrolysis - Capabilities

• AC/DC switchgear
• PV and Wind turbines
• 100 kW Electrolysis
• 1 kg/hr
• 2 stages compression
• 230 kg storage
• 240 & 400 bar
• 5 kW fuel cell
• 60 kW ICE gen-set
• 350 bar fueling

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Wind Turbine to Alkaline Stack

Instrumented power signal from 100 kW wind turbine to drive 33 kW alkaline stack current to follow power available from turbine

1 2 3 4 5 40 80 120 160 200 240 10:43 10:43 10:43 10:43 10:43 10:43 10:44 10:44 10:44 10:44 10:44 10:44 10:45 Hydrogen Flow [Nm^3/hr] Stack Current [A] Time

Stack Current [A] H2 Flow [Nm^3/hr]

Grid AC Power Data Varying Stack Current 100 kW Wind Turbine

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η ~ 100% η ~ 85% to 92%

• Modified system and added ½ stack electrically in

series with full stack

• Better aligned operating points of PV array and

combined stacks

• Traded efficiency for maximum power point tracking

Direct-Coupling v. Power Converter

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Goal: Better align PV and stack operating points

20 40 60 80 100 120 140 20 40 60 80 100 Voltage (V) Current (A) PV Array IV 20-cell stack Relocated with 10 additional cells PV array maximum power point

Result: Additional 10-cell stack (electrically) in series with original 20-cell stack shifted stacks IV curve to the MPP of the PV array

Direct-Coupling v. Power Converter

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Direct-Coupling v. Power Converter

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Frequency Control

The Sequential Actions

• f Primary, Secondary,

and Tertiary Frequency Controls Following the Sudden Loss of Generation and Their Impacts on System Frequency

http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/2013/12/f5/Grid%20Energy%20Storage%20December%202013.pdf

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Electrolyzer – Grid Frequency Support

AC micro-grid

PEM Electrolyzer

Experimental Setup showing AC micro-grid configuration to test frequency response of PEM and alkaline electrolyzers Electrolyzers have the potential to realize an additional revenue stream by providing ancillary grid support services

Experimental Setup

• 120 kW diesel generator

powering electrolyzers

• Load simulator adding or

shedding load to induce frequency disturbances

• Electrolyzers commanded to

shed or add stack power

• Micro-grid monitored and

electrolyzer command initiated when frequency exceeded ± 0.2 Hz

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Electrolyzer – Grid Frequency Support

58.0 58.5 59.0 59.5 60.0 60.5 61.0 61.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Frequency (Hz) Time (seconds)

Load Sim 0 to 10 kW, Alkaline at 40 kW Load Sim 0 to 10 kW, PEM at 40 kW

‘Natural’ un-mitigated frequency disturbances on AC micro-grid caused by 10 kW resistive load step while powering the alkaline and PEM electrolyzer

10 20 30 40 50 60 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.2

AC Phase Current (Arms) Time (seconds)

Alkaline 100% to 25% PEM 100% to 25% Stack Command

PEM and alkaline system- level response showing AC phase current (rms) to command to shed stack power (100% down to 25%

• f their rated power)

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Electrolyzer – Grid Frequency Support

58.0 58.5 59.0 59.5 60.0 60.5 61.0 61.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Frequency (Hz) Time (seconds) Load Sim 0 to 10 kW, Alkaline at 40 kW Load Sim 0 to 10 kW, Alkaline 40 to 30 kW, trig. 0.2 Hz Load Sim 0 to 10 kW, PEM 40 to 30 kW, trig. 0.2 Hz

58.0 58.5 59.0 59.5 60.0 60.5 61.0 61.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Frequency (Hz) Time (seconds) Load Sim 25 kW to 0, Alkaline at 15 kW Load Sim 25 kW to 0, Alkaline 15 to 40 kW, trig. 0.2 Hz Load Sim 25 kW to 0, PEM 15 to 40 kW, trig. 0.2 Hz

With Electrolyzer Without Electrolyzer Without Electrolyzer With Electrolyzer

10 kW steps -PEM and alkaline systems shorten magnitude and duration of under-frequency disturbance on AC micro-grid 25 kW steps - PEM and alkaline systems shorten and reduce magnitude of

• ver-frequency disturbance
• n AC micro-grid

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Decay Rate – Variable Power Stack Testing

Summary – Completed 10,000 hours on neglected stacks. Variable and constant power decay rates were within 10%. Path Forward – Two new stacks installed. (1200 hours to date) Monitoring and Control

• Stack input and output temperature
• Stack voltage and current
• Individual control over each of 3 stacks
• Programmable wind/solar profiles

25 50 75 100 125 150 175 14:15 14:16 14:17 Stack Current (A) Time (hh:mm) Stack A Stack B Stack C

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Thank you! Kevin Harrison

Kevin.Harrison@nrel.gov

Wind-to-Hydrogen website

http://www.nrel.gov/hydrogen/proj_wind_hydrogen.html

Or search “Wind to hydrogen NREL”

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References

20% Wind Energy by 2030

http://www.20percentwind.org/20percent_wind_energy_report_revOct08.pdf

PV – Stack Coupling

http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress11/ii_e_4_harrison_2011.pdf http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review11/pd031_harrison_2011_o.pdf

PEM & Alkaline Electrolyzer Response Testing

http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress12/ii_d_3_harrison_2012.pdf http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review12/pd031_harrison_2012_o.pdf

Giner Electrolyzer and Stack Decay Testing

http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/progress13/ii_a_2_harrison_2013.pdf http://www.hydrogen.energy.gov/pdfs/review13/pd031_harrison_2013_o.pdf