East Asia and Oceania 1 Half of the Earth Google Earth 2 - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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East Asia and Oceania

Half of the Earth

Google Earth

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Selected Asian Populations Today

Siska 2017 Genome-wide Data Figure 1A

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A

20 40 60 80 50 100 150 200

Longitude Latitude Region

Amur Basin Central Asia Chukotka-Kamchatka East Asia Korea-Japan Siberia Southeast Asia

PCA of Current Asian Populations

Modified from Siska 2017 Genome-wide Data Figure 1B

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B

−0.10 −0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10

EV1 (2.38%) EV2 (1.64%)

Chukotka-Kamchatka Siberia Amur Basin Central Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Korea- Japan

Asian Populations: Locations and PCA

Siska 2017 Genome-wide Data Figure 1AB

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B

−0.10 −0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10

EV1 (2.38%) EV2 (1.64%)

Chukotka- Kamchatka Siberia Amur Basin Central Asia East Asia Southeast Asia Korea- Japan

A

20 40 60 80 50 100 150 200

Longitude Latitude Region

Amur Basin Central Asia Chukotka-Kamchatka East Asia Korea-Japan Siberia Southeast Asia

Two Routes to Asia

Google Earth

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Topics

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Southern Route

• 1. New Guinea and Australia
• 2. New Denisovan discoveries
• 3. Yangtze River and Southeast Asia
• 4. Melanesia and Polynesia
• 5. Yellow River and Tibet

Northern Route

• 1. Ancient Siberians
• 2. Paleosiberians
• 3. Siberians

The Southern Route

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Ancient Shorelines of Sahul and Sunda

O'Connell and Allen - 2015 - The process Figure 2

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Sahul Sunda

The Route to Sahul

Google Earth

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Aboriginal Australian (X) Projected onto World PCA

Based on Rasmussen et al. - 2011 - An Aboriginal z Figure 1B

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Africans West Eurasians South Asians Aeta Bouganville Papuans East Asians Munda Americans

Denisovan Ancestry (as percentage of New Guinea level)

Text Figure 10

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Three New Denisovan Lineages

Based on Jacobs et al. - 2019 - Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in .pdf

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Mismatch Name Divergence (kya) Introgression (kya) 5% D0 150-100 14% D1 300-260 50-15 19% D2 375-335 60-30

New Denisovan Phylogeny

Based on Jacobs et al. - 2019 - Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in .pdf

Altai D0 D1 D2 Baining Papuans A B East Asians Anatomically Modern Humans C D E Neanderthals

Denisovan Ancestry—Most Recent Information

Jacobs et al. - 2019 - Multiple Deeply Divergent Denisovan Ancestries in (Fig 1A) .pdf

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West Eurasia America Siberia South Asia Neanderthal Denisovan Ambiguous Papuan East Asian modern ancestry archaic ancestry

− − −

A B

PCA of Current East and Southeast Asian Populations

Based on Lipson et al. - 2018 - Ancient genomes z Fig 1B

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PC1 PC2

Ami Atayal Barito Cambodian Dai Han Htin Kinh Lahu Lao Miao Mlabri Myanmar Naxi Nicobarese Semende Ban Chiang Man Bac Nui Nap Oakaie Vat Komnou

Austronesian Han Austroasiatic

(Vietnamese) (South China) (Borneo) (SChina,Thai,Viet) (East Himalayas) (Ind. Ocean) (Indonesia) (Burma) (Thai. Laos) (Laos etc.) (Taiwan) (Taiwan)

Kra-Dai

South China & Southeast Asia Before 8,000 Years Ago

McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia

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The Details of Southeast Asian Migrations

McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia (Fig 4) .pdf

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Southeast Asia After 5,000 Years Ago

McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia

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Yangtze River

The Peopling of Melanesia and Polynesia

Skoglund et al. - 2016 - Genomic insights into the peopling of the Southwes Figure 3

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a b

New Guinea Australia First people in Near Oceania >40,000 BP

c

E a r l y L a p i t a Tonga Vanuatu Taiwan Phillippines First people in Remote Oceania ~3,000 BP

d

Bismarck archipelago Mixture near New Guineae Later gene fmow brings Papuan ancestry to Remote Oceania

The Last-Peopled Places on Earth

Google Earth

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Major Demographic Relations in East Asia and Oceania

Based on Reich et al. - 2011 - Denisova Admixture z Fig 3 and McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia

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Yorubans Han Onge Papuans Australians Nean- derthals Denisovans Thai/Lao Austroasiatics Austronesians Melanesians Polynesians

Farming in the Yellow River Valley

Google Maps

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Yellow River

Tibet

Chen et al. - 2015 - Agriculture facilitated z Fig 1

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The Northern Route to Asia

Google Earth

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Three Successive Populations

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• Ancient Siberians
• Paleosiberians
• Siberians

Siberia

Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A

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Ancient Siberians: 38,000 to 25,000 Years Ago

Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A

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x Sunghir 34 kya

Kostenki 38 kya x

Ancient Siberians: 25,000 - 15,000 Years Ago

Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A

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x Sunghir 34 kya

Kostenki 38 kya x

Paleosiberians: 25,000 to 11,000 Years Ago

Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A

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Paleosiberians: 25,000 to 11,000 Years Ago

Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A

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Beringia

Wikipedia

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Siberians: Since 11,000 Years Ago

Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1A

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Ket

Siberians Projected on PCA of Non-Africans

Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1C

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Europe East Asia Americas

Mal’ta

Ancient

Uelen/Ekven

Paleo

Kolyma

ANE

Tianyuan Sunghir Yana

Siberians Projected on PCA of Non-Africans

Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 1C

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Europe East Asia Americas

Mal’ta

Ancient

Uelen/Ekven

Paleo

Kolyma Devil’s Gate

Siberians

Demography of Eurasia and the Americas

Modified from Sikora et al. - 2018 - The population z Fig 3B

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Sardinians Han Americans Paleosiberians 25% 75% Siberians 4% 96% Ancient Siberians 25% 75%

Major Demographic Relations in East Asia and Oceania

Based on Reich et al. - 2011 - Denisova Admixture z Fig 3 and McColl et al. - 2018 - The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia

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Yorubans Han Onge Papuans Australians Nean- derthals Denisovans Thai/Lao Austroasians Austronesians Melanesians Polynesians