Fungi What are they? What do they do? Why are they important? - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

▶
fungi
SMART_READER_LITE
LIVE PREVIEW

Fungi What are they? What do they do? Why are they important? - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Jan 06, 2023 365 likes •680 views

Fungi What are they? What do they do? Why are they important? Taxonomy Three domains of life Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Fungi 710-1060 ma Opisthokonts Animals Choanoflagellates Plants Watkinson, et al., 2016 Ascomycota Dikarya Basidiomycota

slide-1
SLIDE 1

Fungi

What are they? What do they do? Why are they important?

slide-2
SLIDE 2

Taxonomy

Three domains of life

Archaea Bacteria Eukarya

slide-3
SLIDE 3

Fungi Animals Choanoflagellates Plants Opisthokonts

710-1060 ma

Watkinson, et al., 2016

slide-4
SLIDE 4

Chytridiomycota Basidiomycota Ascomycota Glomeromycota Blastocladiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Cryptomycota (Rozella) Zygomycetes and Olpidium

Watkinson, et al., 2016

Dikarya

slide-5
SLIDE 5

Recap

Ascomycota Basidiomycota Glomercomycota Blastocladiomycota Chytridiomycota Neocallimastigomycota Zygomycetes and Olpidium Cryptomycota (Rozella)

Watkinson, et al., 2016.

slide-6
SLIDE 6

Ecosystem Functions

2.2 – 3.8 million 15,000, UK Decomposition Food Source

Hawksworth and Lücking, 2017;Yue, et al., 2018; Gleason, et al., 2011; Burford, et al., 2006; Dutton & Evans, 1996.

slide-7
SLIDE 7

Largest Organism!

Armillaria ostoyae 2.4 miles (3.8km) across 2385 acres 2,400- 8650 years old

Morris, 2017.

slide-8
SLIDE 8

Photo Courtesy: Morris, L., 2017 National Geographic

slide-9
SLIDE 9

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

slide-10
SLIDE 10

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

slide-11
SLIDE 11

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

slide-12
SLIDE 12

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

slide-13
SLIDE 13

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

slide-14
SLIDE 14

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

slide-15
SLIDE 15

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

slide-16
SLIDE 16

Photo Courtesy: Jon E. Evans, Centre for NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, U.K.

slide-17
SLIDE 17

Mycorrhizal Fungi

Joint, nutrient absorbing Structure 90% of all plants 70% Arbuscular 460-407 ma

Watkinson, et al., 2016; Mello and Balestrini, 2018.

slide-18
SLIDE 18

Nutrient Dynamics (Mycorrhizosphere)

Soil to root Root to root (different plants) Wood Wide Web Ploughing, fertilising, monoculture

Watkinson, et al., 2016; Mello & Balestrini, 2018; Phillips, 2017.

slide-19
SLIDE 19

Disease

White-nose syndrome Chytridiomycosis Fungal meningitis Potato Blight (Oomycete)

CDC, 2016; Lucas, 2017.

slide-20
SLIDE 20

Most common question….

Can I eat it? Medicines Ecosystem drivers Chemical powerhouses

slide-21
SLIDE 21

Food

Beer, wine, bread Soy Sauce Cheese Mushrooms Quorn Citric Acid

Seidl, 2006.

slide-22
SLIDE 22

Medicine

Penicillium chrysogenum Anti-cholesterol statins Immunosuppressant cyclosporins and steroids Cortisone Rhizopus nigricans

Seidl, 2006.

slide-23
SLIDE 23

Threats Pollution Habitat destruction Climate change Alien invaders

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Lost and Found Fungi Project

Funded by Esmée Fairbairn Foundation What species are extinct? What species are under- recorded? http://fungi.myspecies.info

slide-25
SLIDE 25

Thanks for listening!

slide-26
SLIDE 26

References and Recommended reading

Books

  • Watkinson, S. C., Boddy, L., Money, N. P., 2016. The
  • Fungi. Third Edition. United States of America: Elsevier.
  • Phillips, M., 2017. Mycorrhizal Planet. First Edition. White

River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.

  • Hawksworth, D & Lücking, R. 2017. Fungal Diversity

Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species, p 79-95. Heitman, J., Howlett, J., B., Crous, W., P., Stukenbrock, H., E., James, T., Y., The Fungal Kingdom. ASM Press, Washington, DC. Doi: 10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK- 0052-2016

  • McCoy, P., 2016. Radical Mycology. 1st Edition. Portland,

Oregon: Chthaeus Press.

slide-27
SLIDE 27

References and recommended reading

Online articles

  • Seidl, M., 2006. Industrial Uses of Fungi. The

Environmental Reporter, Available at: https://www.emlab.com/resources/education/en vironmental-reporter/industrial-uses-of-fungi- epicoccum/ SEM Images This work was supported by the Centre for NanoHealth, Swansea University, UK

slide-28
SLIDE 28

References and recommended reading

Journal Articles

  • Mello, A., Balestrini, R., 2018. Recent Insights on Biological and Ecological

Aspects of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and their interactions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9(?), pp.216. 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00216

  • Yue, K., García-Palacios, P., Parsons, S.A., Yang, W., Peng, Y., Tan, B., Wu, F.,
  • 2018. Assessing the temporal dynamics of aquatic and terrestrial litter

decomposition in an alpine forest. Functional Ecology, 32 (10), pp2464-2475. 10.1111/1365-2435.13143

  • Gleason, F. H., Küpper, F., C., Amon, J., P., Picard, K., Gachon, M., M., C.,

Marano, V., A., Sime-Ngando, T., Lilije, O., 2011. Zoosporic true fungi in marine ecosystems: a review. Marine and Freshwater Research, 62(4), pp383-393. 10.1071/MF10294.

  • Boer, W. D., Folman, L. B., Summerbell, R. C., Boddy, L., 2005. Living in a

fungal world: impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 29(4), 795-811.10.1016/j.femsre.2004.11.005

  • Dodd, M. S., Papineau, D., Grenne, T., Slack, J.F., Rittner, M., Pirajno, F.,

O’Neil, J., Little, C. T. S., 2017. Evidence for early life in Earth’s oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates. Nature, 543(7643), 60-64. 10.1038/nature21377.

slide-29
SLIDE 29

References and recommended reading

  • Burford, E. P., Hiller, S., Gadd, G., 2006.

Biomineralization of Fungal Hyphae with Calcite (CaCO3) and Calcium Oxalate Mono- and Dihydrate in Carboniferous Limestone Microcosms. Geomicrobiology Journal, 23(8), pp.599-611. 10.1080/01490450600964375.

  • Dutton, M. V. & Evans, C. S., 1996. Oxalate

production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the soil environment. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 42(9), 881-895. 10.1139/m96-114.

  • Lucas, J. A., 2017. Fungi, Food Crops and Biosecurity:

Advances and challenges. Advances in Food Security and Sutainability, 1-40. doi:10.1016/bs.af2s.2017.09.007

slide-30
SLIDE 30

Websites

  • CDC, 2016. Fungal Meningitis. Available:

https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/fungal.html

  • BCT, 2013. Are UK bats immune to White-Nose

Syndrome which is killing millions of North American bats? Available: https://www.bats.org.uk/news/2013/08/are-uk-bats- immune-to-white-nose-syndrome-which-is-killing- millions-of-north-american-bats

  • Morris, L., 2017. The World’s Largest Living Organism.

National Geographic, Available: https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/nature/the- worlds-largest-living-organism.aspx