Global Warming H How Can Biofuels Help? C Bi f l H l ? Cli t - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Global Warming H How Can Biofuels Help? C Bi f l H l ? Cli t - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Global Warming H How Can Biofuels Help? C Bi f l H l ? Cli t Willif Clint Williford d Department of Chemical Engineering I t Introduction d ti Greenhouse emissions Reducing growth of GHG emissions Reducing growth of GHG

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Global Warming

H C Bi f l H l ? How Can Biofuels Help? Cli t Willif d Clint Williford Department of Chemical Engineering

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I t d ti Introduction

Greenhouse emissions Reducing growth of GHG emissions Reducing growth of GHG emissions Biofuels

Wh and h no ? Why and why now? What they are? How they are made? How they are made? Potential for energy & GHG reduction Issues

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Issues

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I t d ti Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Introduction

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Greenhouse Emissions Greenhouse Emissions Greenhouse Emissions Greenhouse Emissions

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h i h i i Green Greenhouse Em

  • use Emiss

ssions

  • ns

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h i h i i Green Greenhouse Em

  • use Emiss

ssions

  • ns

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h i h i i Green Greenhouse Em

  • use Emiss

ssions

  • ns

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Greenhouse Emissions Greenhouse Emissions

Gas Preindustrial Level Current Level Increase since 1750 Radiative Forcing(W/m2) Carbon 280 387 104 1 46 Dioxide 280 ppm 387ppm 104 ppm 1.46 Methane 700 ppb 1,745 ppb 1,045 ppb 0.48 Nitrous Oxide 270 ppb 314 ppb 44 ppb 0.15 CFC-12 533 ppt 533 ppt 0.17

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Reducin Reducing Growth o Growth of GHG GHG Emissions Emissions

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R d i G G th h f GHG f GHG E i i Reduc ucing G g Grow rowth th of GHG E f GHG Emiss ssions

  • ns

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13 1 Wedge – Increase Bio EtOH X 50

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f l f l Wh Wh Wh Wh Bio Biofue uels- s- Why Why & &Why Why Now? Now?

2006 – Tipping Point for industrial biotech & cell EtOH 2006 Tipping Point for industrial biotech & cell EtOH

Higher energy prices C f it Concern for energy security Global warming – a mainstream issue Technological advance - enzymatic hydrolysis Political support – farmers, environmentalists, security interests, business leaders, politicians Grain corn ethanol building an industry and a market g y 14

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T f T f i f l Typ Types o es of B Biofue uels

Biodiesel Grain corn ethanol Cellulosic ethanol (Cell EtOH) Others – Butanol, Renewable biodiesel

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Biodiesel Biodiesel

Biodiesel is known chemically as a 'fatty acid methyl ester’ “Transesterification” Vege oil or fat reacted with an alcohol using a catalyst,

ll b (OH ) usually a base (OH-)

Settling and washing steps Glycerol is main byproduct

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http://www.utahbiodieselsupply.com/biodieselbasics.php

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i d i di l Biodi diese esel

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http://pathtofreedom.com/pathproject/offthegrid/biodiesel.shtml

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T f T f i f l Typ Types o es of B Biofue uels

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http://pathtofreedom.com/pathproject/offthegrid/biodiesel.shtml

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Biodiesel Biodiesel Biodiesel Biodiesel

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i d i di l Biodi diese esel

21 Production and demand surging;$1/gal blending incentive

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i i i i h l Gra Grain Corn B n Corn Bioet

  • ethano

anol

Ethanol (CH3CH2OH; also known as ethyl alcohol,

( ; y , grain alcohol, and EtOH) is a clear, colorless liquid. 22

http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/ethanol_what_is.html And http://arreffett.iweb.bsu.edu/ethanol.htm

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i i i i h l Gra Grain Corn B n Corn Bioet

  • ethano

anol

Ethanol produced from corn and sugar crops by dry Ethanol produced from corn and sugar crops by dry

milling

Main products: EtOH,CO2, high protein animal feed wet

p

2

g p

distillers grains with solubles or WDGS

Corn is ground into coarse flour Water and enzymes are added and the mixture "cooked“ Yeast is added, and the mixture fermented.

Th “ h” i di till d t th EtOH

The “mash” is distilled to recover the EtOH

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Grain Corn Bioethanol Grain Corn Bioethanol Grain Corn Bioethanol Grain Corn Bioethanol

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http://www.ethanolrfa.org/objects/documents/337/mgpcd3-1.wmv

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Grain Corn Bioethanol Grain Corn Bioethanol Grain Corn Bioethanol Grain Corn Bioethanol

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ll ll l i h l Ce Cell llulos

  • sic Et

c Ethano anol

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ll ll l i h l Ce Cell llulos

  • sic Et

c Ethano anol

Cellulose

main component in plant cell walls

Cellulose - main component in plant cell walls Most common organic compound on earth A polymer of glucose Enzymes convert to glucose Yeats ferment to EtOH B t

i t i

But, resists conversion Requires pretreatment- acids, high Temp & Pres

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http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/hycel.html

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ll ll l i h l Ce Cell llulos

  • sic Et

c Ethano anol

Potential to convert 1 billion tons biomass per year to

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Potential to convert 1 billion tons biomass per year to

replace 30% of U.S. petroleum use

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Cellulosic Ethanol Cellulosic Ethanol Cellulosic Ethanol Cellulosic Ethanol

Iogen making CellEtOH in Canada Other R& D & demo plants in works

p

Needs for better enzymes, pretreatment, plant yields, etc.

29 http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/re_ethanol.htm

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CO2 Emissions

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f j f j U o U of M Pro M Project ect

Microbial conditioning with alternate pretreatment – improved ethanol yield economics and useable lignin adhesives

Harvest Enzyme Production Conditioning Opportunities

improved ethanol yield, economics, and useable lignin adhesives

Harvest Size Reduction Alternate Pretreatment Simultaneous Saccharification & Fermentation Lignin as a higher value product p

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Ethanol Recovery

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Switch Grass Sorghum Sudan Grass Switch Grass Sorghum Sudan Grass 32

Medicinal Plant Garden, University of Mississippi

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Introduction Introduction

Greenhouse emissions Bi f

l h t th h th

Biofuels – what they are; how they are

made; their potential for fuel; and impact GGE

  • n GGE

Issues

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Fossil Ener Fossil Energy gy Re Replacement lacement Ratio Ratio

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Fossil Energy Ratio (FER) = Fossil Energy Used Energy Delivered to Customer

5.3 5 6 3 4 1.4 0.8 0.4 1 2

Cellulosic Ethanol Corn Ethanol Gasoline Electricity

Source: J Sheehan & M Wang (2003)

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Biorefinery

Source: J. Sheehan & M. Wang (2003)

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Fossil Ener Fossil Energy gy Re Replacement lacement Ratio Ratio

35 http://www.rangefuels.com/interactive-map.html

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Others Others

Emerging Fuels Biobutanol Biogas Bi t Li id Biomass to Liquids Coal to Liquids Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Gas to Liquids Hydrogenation-Derived Renewable Diesel P-Series P Series 36

http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/emerging.html

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Issues and Implications How Issues and Implications– How Green are Biofuels?

Net energy & fossil fuel use Net GHG emissions reduction Deforestation for palm oil plantations Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizer Food prices Food and grain exports

d ld f d i ( i ll d l i )

U.S. and world food prices (especially developing) Opportunity Costs – Iowa study – grain EtOH 18 B gal;

Cell EtOH 4 5 B gal (w/$1 55 incentive) 37 Cell EtOH 4.5 B gal (w/$1.55 incentive)