Hypersonic Interplanetary Flight: Aero Gravity Assist Al Bowers - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Hypersonic Interplanetary Flight: Aero Gravity Assist Al Bowers - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090008672 2018-06-25T16:16:56+00:00Z Hypersonic Interplanetary Flight: Aero Gravity Assist Al Bowers & Dan Banks NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Jim Randolph NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cal Poly

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Hypersonic Interplanetary Flight: Aero Gravity Assist

Al Bowers & Dan Banks NASA Dryden Flight Research Center Jim Randolph NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Cal Poly Pomona 31 Oct 2006

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090008672 2018-06-25T16:16:56+00:00Z

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Gravity Assist

Al Bowers & Dan Banks

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Mission

  • NASA’s Mission

To understand our home planet To explore the Universe & search for life To inspire the next generation of explorers

  • Dryden’s Mission

To fly what others can only imagine

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Gravity Assist & Aero Gravity Assist

  • The Past: Gravity Assist
  • the idea
  • Grand Tour of the Planets: Pioneer 10/11 &

Voyager 1/2

  • The Future: Aero Gravity Assist
  • large v small planets for gravity assist
  • AGA trajectories
  • launch opportunities
  • planetary waverider performance
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Gravity Assist - The Idea

  • Planet-centric speed doesn’t change, only direction
  • Heliocentric radial speed does change, boost to a higher orbit
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Pioneer 10/11 & Voyager 1/2

  • Pioneer 10/11
  • Pioneer 10 to Jupiter

launched 02 Mar 72 Jupiter 03 Dec 73

  • Pioneer 11 to Jupiter & Saturn

launched 05 Apr 73 Jupiter 02 Dec 74 Saturn 01 Sep 79

  • Voyager 1/2
  • Voyager 1 to Jupiter & Saturn

launched 05 Sep 77 Jupiter 05 Mar 79 Saturn 12 Nov 80

  • Voyager 2 to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus & Neptune

launched 20 Aug 77 Jupiter 09 Jul 79 Saturn 25 Aug 81 Uranus 24 Jan 86 & Neptune 25 Aug 89

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TYPICAL PLANETARY GRAVITY-ASSIST TRAJECTORIES

  • USING SMALL TERRESTRIAL PLANETS

SMALL G, SMALL BENDING ANGLES, SMALL ∆V LOW LAUNCH ENERGY (C3 = 10 - 30 km2/sec2) LOW INTERPLANETARY VELOCITIES ( <10 km/sec) LONG DURATION : MULTIPLE FLYBYS TO GET REASONABLE VELOCITIES

  • USING LARGE OUTER PLANETS

LARGE G , LARGE BENDING ANGLES, LARGE ∆V HIGH LAUNCH ENERGY (C3 = 80 - 120 km2/sec2) LONG DURATION TO THE CLOSEST PLANET (e.g. JUPITER) RADIATION DANGER IN THE MAGNETOSPHERES OF GAS GIANTS

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AERO-GRAVITY ASSIST (AGA) TRAJECTORIES

  • WAVERIDER APPLICATION

AEROASSIST VEHICLE WITH HIGH LIFT/DRAG AT HIGH MACH NUMBERS MINIMUM DRAG LOSS DURING THE ATMOSPHERIC PASS LARGE AERODYNAMIC CONTROL AUTHORITY FOR PRECISE NAVIGATION

  • TERRESTRIAL PLANETS FOR AGA MANEUVERS

USING ATMOSPHERE TO INCREASE BENDING ANGLE AND ∆V SMALL LAUNCH ENERGY (C3 ~ 10 - 30 km2/sec2) AGA RESULTS IN HIGH INTERPLANETARY VELOCITIES (>> 10 km/sec) SHORTENED MISSION DURATIONS TO DISTANT TARGETS

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CENTRIFUGAL

APPROACH

PLANET

DEPARTURE

GRAVITY ONLY TRAJECTORY AGA

LIFT & GRAVITY

ϕ

DRAG

V inf2 = Vinf1 - ∆V drag

TRAJECTORY

V inf1 V inf2 = Vinf1 PLANET CENTERED TRAJECTORY COMPARISON

ATMOSPHERE

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Vplanet Vs/c V

APPROACH DURING AGA

Vp V Vs/c

DEPARTURE Ø

Vs/c V

APPROACH DURING AGA

Vp V Vs/c

DEPARTURE Ø

  • a. DECREASE VELOCITY ( e.g. SOLAR PROBE)
  • b. INCREASE VELOCITY ( e.g. OUTER PLANETS MISSION)

Vp V Vplanet Vp V

AGA Velocity Triangles V S/C = V PLANET + V∞

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24 80°

Venus AGA Maneuver V H1 VV V 1 V 2 V H2

V E N U S O R B I T

V= VH2 - VH1 = 19km/s A1 A2

Bending Angle

( VH = VP V )

INCOMING S/C ORBIT OUTGOING S/C ORBIT

VENUS AGA Maneuver

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Launch (6/07) VAGA (8/07) MAGA (11/07) 15d Perihelion (4/08)

VENUS - MARS AGA TRAJECTORY TO THE SUN

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Launch (10/13) Pluto(10/18) VAGA (1/14) MAGA (3/14) 50 days Pluto ORBIT S O L A R A P E X

VAGAMAGA Trajectory to Pluto

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LAUNCH VENUS M A R S SATURN

100 days

15 days LAUNCH : VENUS AEROGRAVITY ASSIST : MARS AEROGRAVITY ASSIST : SATURN: TOTAL FLIGHT TIME : JUNE 2007 AUGUST 2007 NOVEMBER 2007 JULY 2009 25 MONTHS

VAGAMAGA Trajectory to Saturn

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SATURN

VS V VS V VS2 V2 VS3 V3 VS4 VS V VS V VS2

TITAN (A)

V4 TS

  • TS

V2 VS2 V3 VS3 TS VS3 V3 V2 TS

  • TITAN (B)

TITAN (D) TITAN (C)

VS2 V2

TITAN'S ORBIT

VS

APPROACH VELOCITY

TITAN AGA OPTIONS

LEGEND TITAN A: Stop S/C, VS3 ~0 TITAN B: Escape at “posigrade” direction TITAN C: Polar trajectory TITAN D: Escape in retrograde direction

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E-V1 E-V2 (E-V1) - M (E-V2) - M

6 2005 7 8 9 2010 11 12 YEAR 2013 14 15 16 17 18 19 2020 YEAR

E-V1 E-V2 (E-V1) - M (E-V2) - M URANUS NEPTUNE PLUTO

+ + + + + + + + + + +

URANUS NEPTUNE PLUTO

+ + + + + + + + + + +

Terrestrial Planets Trajectories and OP Launch opportunities from 2005 to 2020

= Viable Opportunity to the Outer Planet Shown Below Box

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30 A B C D

3 2 4 9 (Planet No., PN)

(L/D at PN)

(Four selected values for Launch V ∞ ) (Letters on plot for each Launch V ∞ )

Time of Flight for Pluto opportunities 2006 to 2020

(using Venus and Mars AGA maneuvers)

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Planetary Waverider Performance Comparison*

* From Lewis & McRonald, AIAA #91-0053, 1/7/91

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University of Maryland Waverider Concept

MJL 6/96

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Waverider shape for a turbulent (CO2) boundary layer (From the CVD design code at the U of Maryland)

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40 45 50 350 400 450

TYPICAL AGA TRAJECTORIES VENUS MARS

Aerothermal Performance Constraint (APC) Regimes*

AFE

* From Kolodziez, et al, NASA ARC

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SOME WAVERIDER AGA ISSUES

  • ACTUAL L/D PERFORMANCE
  • HEATING
  • NAVIGATION ERRORS
  • GUIDANCE AND CONTROL
  • SCIENCE ACCOMMODATION
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References

  • 1. Nonweiler, T.R.F., “Aerodynamic Problems of Space Vehicles,” Journal of Royal

Aeronautical Society, Vol. 63, September 1959, pp. 521-528.

  • 2. Lunan, D., “Applications for Nonweiler Waverider Spacecraft,” Journal of the

British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 35, January 1982, pp. 45-47.

  • 3. Randolph, J., “Aero-Gravity Assist (AGA) Trajectory Analysis for Starprobe,” Jet

Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, JPL Internal Memorandum 31282-5-981, August 1982.

  • 4. Longuski, J., “Can AGA through the Venusian Atmosphere Permit a Near Radial

Trajectory into the Sun?”, JPL Engineering Memorandum 312/82-133, December, 1982.

  • 5. Bowcutt, K. G., Anderson, J.D., and Capriotti, D., “Viscous Optimized Hypersonic

Waveriders,” AIAA Paper 87-0272, January 1987.

  • 6. Randolph, J. E., and McRonald, A. D., “Solar Probe Mission Status,” American

Astronautical Society, Paper 89-212, April 1989.

  • 7. Lewis, M. J., “The Use of Hypersonic Waveriders for Aero-Assisted Orbital

Maneuvering, “ Proceedings of the 30th Interntional Conference on Aviation and Space, Tel Aviv, Israel, February 1990.

  • 8. Lewis, M. J., and McRonald, A. D., “The Design of Hypersonic Waveriders for

Aero-Assisted Interplanetary Trajectories, “ AIAA Paper 91-0053, January 1991.

  • 9. McRonald, A. D., Randolph, J. E., “Hypersonic Maneuvering for Augmenting

Planetary Gravity Assist,” AIAA Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1992.

  • 10. Randolph, J. E., McRonald, A. D., “Solar System Fast Mission Trajectories Using

Aerogravity Assist, “ AIAA Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, Vol. 29, No. 2, 1992

  • 11. Gillum, M., Kammeyer, M., Burnett, D., “Wind Tunnel Results for a Mach 14

Waverider,” AIAA Paper 94-0384, January 1994.