Logic and Knowledge Representation P r o b l e m T y p e - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Logic and Knowledge Representation P r o b l e m T y p e s , a n d P r o b l e m s o l v i n g m e t h o d s 2 7 A p r i l 2 0 1 8 g s i l e n o @e n s t . f r G i o v a n n i S i l e n o T é l é c o m P a r i s T e c h , P a r i s - D a u p h i n e U n i v e r s i t y

Problem solving

Well-defined problems P r o b l e m s a r e w e l l - d e fj n e d w h e n t h e r e i s a s i m p l e t e s t t o c o n c l u d e w h e t h e r a s o l u t i o n i s a s o l u t i o n . J . M c C a r t h y ( 1 9 5 6 ) T h e i n v e r s i o n o f f u n c t i o n s d e fj n e d b y T a r i n g m a - c h i n e s . A u t o m a t a S t u d i e s , A n n a l s o f M a t h e m a t i c a l S t u d i e s , 3 4 : 1 7 7 – 1 8 1 .

Well-defined problems & problem spaces P r o b l e m s a r e w e l l - d e fj n e d w h e n t h e r e i s a s i m p l e t e s t t o c o n c l u d e w h e t h e r a s o l u t i o n i s a s o l u t i o n . J . M c C a r t h y ( 1 9 5 6 ) T h e i n v e r s i o n o f f u n c t i o n s d e fj n e d b y T a r i n g m a - c h i n e s . A u t o m a t a S t u d i e s , A n n a l s o f M a t h e m a t i c a l S t u d i e s , 3 4 : 1 7 7 – 1 8 1 . P e o p l e s o l v e p r o b l e m s b y s e a r c h i n g t h r o u g h a p r o b l e m s p a c e , c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e i n i t i a l s t a t e , t h e g o a l s t a t e , a n d a l l p o s s i b l e s t a t e s i n b e t w e e n . N e w e l l , A . , & S i m o n , H . A . ( 1 9 7 2 ) . H u m a n p r o b l e m s o l v i n g .

Problem and solution spaces S P p r o b l e m s s o l u t i o n s p a c e s p a c e p s s o l u t i o n solution(s, p) c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s s s a t i s fj e s p

Problem and solution spaces S P p r o b l e m s s o l u t i o n s p a c e s p a c e p s s o l u t i o n solution(s, p) c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s s s a t i s fj e s p p r o b l e m : h o w t o g e n e r a t e s o l u t i o n s ?

Problem and solution spaces S P p r o b l e m a b s t r a c t t y p e s o l u t i o n r e fj n e m e n t a b s t r a c t i o n p r o b l e m s s o l u t i o n s p a c e s p a c e p s s o l u t i o n solution(s, p) c a n b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s s s a t i s fj e s p p r o b l e m : h o w t o g e n e r a t e s o l u t i o n s ?

Defining the problem... An old lady wants to visit her friend in a neighbouring village. She takes her car, but halfway the engine stops after some hesitations. On the side of the road she tries to restart the engine, but to no avail. B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Defining the problem... An old lady wants to visit her friend in a neighbouring village. She takes her car, but halfway the engine stops after some hesitations. On the side of the road she tries to restart the engine, but to no avail. Wh i c h i s t h e p r o b l e m h e r e ? B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

from ill-defined to well-defined problems... B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Suite of problem types m o d e l l i n g B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Suite of problem types m o d e l l i n g d e s i g n s t r u c t u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Suite of problem types b e h a v i o u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m + e n v i r o n m e n t p l a n n i n g m o d e l l i n g d e s i g n s t r u c t u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Suite of problem types b e h a v i o u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m + e n v i r o n m e n t p l a n n i n g a s s i g n m e n t m o d e l l i n g d e s i g n s t r u c t u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Suite of problem types b e h a v i o u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m + e n v i r o n m e n t p l a n n i n g s c h e d u l i n g a s s i g n m e n t m o d e l l i n g c o n fj g u r a t i o n d e s i g n s t r u c t u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Suite of problem types b e h a v i o u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m + e n v i r o n m e n t p l a n n i n g a s s e s s m e n t a s s i g n m e n t m o d e l l i n g d e s i g n s t r u c t u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Suite of problem types b e h a v i o u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m + e n v i r o n m e n t p l a n n i n g a s s e s s m e n t a s s i g n m e n t m o d e l l i n g d e s i g n m o n i t o r i n g s t r u c t u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Suite of problem types b e h a v i o u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m + e n v i r o n m e n t p l a n n i n g a s s e s s m e n t a s s i g n m e n t m o d e l l i n g d i a g n o s i s d e s i g n m o n i t o r i n g s t r u c t u r a l v i e w : s y s t e m B r e u k e r , J . ( 1 9 9 4 ) . C o m p o n e n t s o f p r o b l e m s o l v i n g a n d t y p e s o f p r o b l e m s . A F u t u r e f o r K n o w l e d g e A c q u i s i t i o n , 8 6 7 , 1 1 8 – 1 3 6 .

Agent problem-solving cycle

Agent problem-solving cycle w h e r e i l l - d e fj n e d p r o b l e m s c o m e u p