Pistachio production and industry in Turkey: current status and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Pistachio production and industry in Turkey: current status and - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Pistachio production and industry in Turkey: current status and future perspective Prof. Dr. Bekir Erol AK and Serpil KARADAG University of Harran Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture 63200 Sanliurfa TURKEY E-mail:

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  • Prof. Dr. Bekir Erol AK

and Serpil KARADAG

University of Harran Faculty of Agriculture Department of Horticulture 63200 Sanliurfa TURKEY E-mail: beak@harran.edu.tr

Pistachio production and industry in Turkey: current status and future perspective

GREMPA Meeting, Meknes (Morocco), 12-14 May 2015

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Pistachio

Pistacia vera is native to north Afghanistan, northeast Iran and central Asian republics. The largest concentration of Pistacia species is found in West Asia and in Mediterranean region. Except Pistacia vera, the other genus called as wild. The wild Pistacia widely distributed from the Eastern Mediterranean through the Southeast Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan to the whole area of Northern and western Pakistan. In these part of world wild pistachio such as P. terebinthus,

  • P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, etc. Pistachio trees are like

forest in Afghanistan. These suitable source to use as source of germplasm.

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Pistachio grows 30-45 latitude

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World Pistachio production (ton) COUNTRY 2010 2011 2012 2013 Average Rate % IRAN

446.647 472.097 472.097 478.600 467.360 48,86

USA

236.775 201.395 249.930 196.930 221.258 23,13

TURKEY

128.000 112.000 150.000 88.600 119.650 12,51

SYRIA

57.471 55.610 57.195 54.516 56.198 5,88

Greece

8.998 9.580 10.000 11.000 9.895 1,03

Italy

3.115 3.079 2.850 3.202 3.062 0,32

Afganistan

2.000 2.000 2.100 2.100 2.050 0,21

Tunusia

2.300 2.100 1.400 1.200 1.750 0,18

Australia

1.000 1.792 1.800 1.850 1.611 0,17

Madagascar

187 1.000 1.900 1.900 1.247 0,13

Krygyzystan

800 888 888 948 881 0,09

Jordan

623 630 675 732 665 0,07

Pakistan

663 659 655 659 659 0,07

Uzbekistan

200 222 225 233 220 0,02

Morocco

78 75 80 80 78 0,01

DÜNYA

947.197 937.517 1.024.149 916.921 956.446 100,00

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The rate of Pistachio Producer Countries

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PISTACHIO PRODUCIR CITIES IN TURKEY OR DER CITIES AREA (da)

PRODUCTION (tonnnes) 2011 2012 2013

2014 Average

1 Şanlıurfa

885.071 36.619 49.236 30.574 21.494 34.481

2 Gaziantep 1.298.452

36.853 56.233 9.936 17.231 30.063

3 Siirt

190.663 12.617 17.478 18.831 15.228 16.039

4 Adıyaman 248.538

9.263 7.135 8.460 9.704 8.641

5 K.Maraş

66.603 4.892 4.914 5.245 2.438 4.372

6 Kilis

59.477 1.331 1.786 3.115 2.349 2.145

7 Manisa

10.490 1.326 1.674 1.677 2.045 1.681

8 Diyarbakır

4.442 702 1.999 1.978 1.511 1.548

9 Mardin

10.141 1.319 1.576 1.661 1.213 1.442

10 Mersin

4.990 1.371 1.365 1.310 1.232 1.320

11 İzmir

6.680 1.145 1.173 1.255 1.281 1.214

12 Çanakkale

4.704 780 787 783 769 780

13 Batman

20.773 935 675 652 692 739

14 Denizli

353 592 734 735 718 695

15 Konya

165 305 945 76 44 343 Others 11.796 1.950 2.290 2.312 2.051 2.151 TURKEY 2.823.338 112.000 150.000 88.600 80.000 107.650

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PROVINCES Number of trees Bearing Trees Non-Bearing Production (Tonnnes) Şanlıurfa 15.685.845 11.018.310 4.667.535 30 574 Gaziantep 19.796.353 16.188.714 3.607.639 9 936 Adıyaman 4.758.284 3.789.780 968.504 8 460 Kilis 578.634 520.770 57.864 3 115 Diyarbakır 223.355 135.512 87.843 1 978 Mardin 321.606 178.157 146.449 1 661 Batman 339.040 108.710 230.330 652 Şırnak 22.972 7.360 15.612 29 TOTAL 41.726.089 31.947.313 9.781.776 56 405 TURKEY 50.122.390 38.116.209 12.006.181 88 600

Pistachio tree number and yield in some cities Southeast Anatolia Region (in 2013 yılı)

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Pistacia spp.

Pistacia vera is native to north Afghanistan, northeast Iran and central Asian republics. The largest concentration of Pistacia species is found in West Asia and in Mediterranean region. Except Pistacia vera, the other genus called as wild. The wild pistacia widely distributed from the Eastern Mediterranean through the Southeast Caucasus, Iran, Afghanistan to the whole area of Northern and western Pakistan. In these part of world wild pistachio such as P. terebinthus,

  • P. atlantica, P. khinjuk, etc. Pistachio trees are like

forest in Afghanistan. These suitable source to use as source of germplasm.

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Pistacia spp. general information

  • Decidious (Except P. Lentiscus)
  • Male and female flowers are borne

separate trees (Dioecious)

  • No any incompatibility between the males

and females

  • They can be used as rootstocks
  • They are different traits as rootstocks.
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TURKEY’S PRODUCTION-2013

Siirt 18.831 ton Şanlıurfa 30.574 ton Gaziantep 9.936 ton Adıyaman 8.460 ton Kaynak; TUİK 2014

Batman 652 ton

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TÜRKİYE SİYASİ HARİTASI

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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

  • Pollination
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilization
  • Pruning
  • Pest and Disease Management
  • Variety
  • Rootstock
  • etc.
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  • x
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x o

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  • o
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  • o o o
  • x
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  • o x o
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  • x
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  • x
  • x
  • o x o
  • o o o
  • 8 Dişi 1 Erkek Dikim sistemi

( x : Erkek Ağaç, o : Dişi Ağaç )

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What are the traits of a good

male pistachio tree?

  • 1. Growth must be strong and upright;
  • 2. The flowering period must be synchronized;
  • 3. Flowering period of the male should be long

enough to overlap the flowering period of females;

  • 4. The number of clusters must be high;
  • 5. Flower clusters must be big sized;
  • 6. The amount of pollen production in each

cluster must be high;

  • 7. Yield potential must be high;
  • 8. The germination rate of pollen must be high;
  • 9. The pollen's viability in vivo must be long;
  • 10. It must not show alternate bearing (Ak et

al., 1998; Ak, 2001).

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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

  • Pollination
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilization
  • Pruning
  • Pest and Disease Management
  • Variety
  • Rootstock
  • etc.
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Irrigation

  • Scion lenght and number
  • Leaf number and size
  • Alternate Bearing
  • Yield
  • Fruit size
  • Splitting rate
  • Blank fruit rate

(Goldhamer,1995)

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IRRIGATION

  • Turkey
  • Syria No irrigation
  • Iran

Furrow irrigation method between the rows. Rootstock : P. vera Badami Cultivar (Resistant to Phytophthor)

  • U.S.A.

Furrow, Drip ve Mini sprink Rootstock : UCB I, PG II

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Soil Types YIELD PER TREE (Kg)

Irrgated Orchard Non-Irrigated Orchard Average

Poor

21.80* (12.58)** 15.90 (9.22) 18.85 (10.90)

Fertile

31.00 (17.04) 25.87 (13.50) 28.44 (15.27)

Average

26.40 (14.81) 20.88 (11.36) 23.64 (13.09)

*: Fresh fruit weight (15 tree average) **: Sun dried fruit weight.

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Furrow Irrigation

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  • Yielding will be increased

38%

  • Under modern conditions,

220 kg/da yield,

  • In dry conditions 80-100

kg/da yield

  • 3-5 year early bearing
  • High quality, regular yielding

WHY SHOULD WE IRRIGATE PISTACHIO TREES?

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  • In Turkey pistachio was

growing under arid, stony and sloping marginal areas.

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Plantation under dry conditions 8 x 8 m 16 tree/da

10 x 10 m 10 tree/da 6 x 4 m 41 tree/da 7 x 3 m 47 tree/da

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6 x 4 m 41 tree/da 7 x 3 m 47 tree/da

Pistachio Plantation in irrigated conditions

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Different method of irrigation developped by farmers

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Effect of irrigation and cultivar on yield

Irrigated Siirt 262 kg/da Uzun 179 kg/da Dry Siirt 103 kg/da Uzun 59 kg/da

% 46 % 74 % 272

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Fruit Development

(Ayfer, 1967)

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16.06.2004 30.07.2004

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Correct = Wrong Irrigation

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Irrigated pistachio tree

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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

  • Pollination
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilization
  • Pruning
  • Pest and Disease Management
  • Variety
  • Rootstock
  • etc.
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  • Soil and Leaf analyzing is necessary for Suitable

Fertilization

  • For this reason soil and leaf sampling form and time

is very important. Soil Sampling

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For leaf; The best time is Meyveye Ben Düşme Zamanı just shown

  • below. Generally it is 16-31 July.
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GÜBRELEME Banda uygulama

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Traktörle bant açma

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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

  • Pollination
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilization
  • Pruning
  • Pest and Disease Management
  • Variety
  • Rootstock
  • etc.
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Before pruning and after

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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

  • Pollination
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilization
  • Pruning
  • Pest and Disease Management
  • Variety
  • Rootstock
  • etc.
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Pest and Disease

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Antepfıstığı Pisillidi (Agonoscena spp.)(Hom:Psyllidae)

Mücadelesi Bileşik yaprakta 25-30 nimf

Ergin boyu ortalama 1.5 mm

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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

  • Pollination
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilization
  • Pruning
  • Pest and Disease Management
  • Variety
  • Rootstock
  • etc.
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PISTACHIO VARIETIES GROWN IN TURKEY

  • In Turkey, there are main 8 domestic varieties

which are :

  • Uzun,
  • Kırmızı,
  • Halebi,
  • Siirt,
  • Beyazben,
  • Sultani,
  • Değirmi and Keten Gömleği and
  • 5 foreign varieties which are Ohadi, Bilgen,

Vahidi, Sefidi and Mümtaz

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Registrated new cultivars

  • 2 female
  • Tekin
  • Barak Yıldızı
  • 4 male
  • Uygur
  • Kaska
  • Öztürk
  • Atlı

Tekin Tekin

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Tekin

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50 100 150 200 250 300

Uzun Siirt Ohadi Tekin Sel 2 Sel 5 Sel 10 Barak Yıldızı Sel 14 Sel 15 Hacışerifi Mümtaz Vahidi Kerman

Average yield (kg/da) under irrigated conditions (10-14 years old average)

Plantaion Distances: 7 m x 5 m (28 tree/da) Rootstock: Pistacia khinjuk

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The Main Effective Factors to Get High Yield in Pistachio

  • Pollination
  • Irrigation
  • Fertilization
  • Pruning
  • Pest and Disease Management
  • Variety
  • Rootstock
  • etc.
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Rootstocks for Pistachio

  • Pistacia vera, L.
  • P. khinjuk, Stocks
  • P. atlantica, Desf.
  • P. terebinthus, L.
  • Generally 11 Pistacia spp. And hybrids.

All of them can be used as rootstock to Pistachio except P. lentiscus

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  • P. vera seedling and budding
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The importance of Pistachio for Turkish economy In Turkey 282 000 ha area, 108 000 tonnes production 200 000 family, (1.2 Billion income for economy

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Yield of Siirt Cultivar on Some Pistacia rootstocks (kg/tree)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 P.vera P.khinjuk P.atlantica P.terebinthus 5,93 b 6,6 ab 8,27 a 6,14 ab Verim (kg/ağaç)

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Training of farmers

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Some research RESULTS shows that; Fertilization 38 % Irrigation 35 % Pruning 17 % Cultivar 40 %

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Harvesting

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Two different stage

  • 1. Early (Boz)

To obtain deep green kernel for Baklava, ice crema, or sweet things etc. It is harvested 20-35 days before normal harvest period.

  • 2. Normal harvest to

consume as table pistachio

  • r snack.

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How to dry of fruits?

CORRECT WRONG

On the convey Openarea UNDER SUN İn shade

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The RESULT

  • 1. Irrigation problem is solving (+fertilization)
  • 2. Cultivar is changing
  • 3. Processing system is changed. No aflatoxin
  • 4. More information for the farmers
  • 5. Good Agricultural Practice is accepted by the farmers.

(Especially pesticide usage is low)

  • The result: High yield, GAP fruits, High incomes. It

needs a good marketing…

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Sanliurfa

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Thank you very much for your attention

Prof.Dr. Bekir Erol AK E-mail: beak@harran.edu.tr