Plant biotechnology: Plant biotechnology: a key technology in the - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Plant biotechnology: Plant biotechnology: a key technology in the 21st century a key technology in the 21st century

August, 2009

Atsuhiko Shinmyo Nara Institute of Science and Technology

E- mail shinmyou@bs.naist.jp

Argentine Argentine-

• Japan Work Shop

Japan Work Shop

• 生駒市

◎ 奈良市

Todaiji：Big Budda Yakushiji

• Tokyo

Osaka ●

Kohukuji：Asura Kyoto

Osaka Nara

Tohin garden Sujakumon

Reconstruction of Taikyokuden Reconstruction of Kentoshisen

Nara is the 1 Nara is the 1st

st Capital in Japan established in AD 710

Capital in Japan established in AD 710

2010:1300 years anniversary 2010:1300 years anniversary

Nara Institute of Science and Technology Nara Institute of Science and Technology

Information Science

Material science Bioscience

Established in 1991 Established in 1991 Prof.

• Prof. Shinsuke

Shinsuke Yamanaka of Yamanaka of iPS iPS was grown in NAIST. was grown in NAIST.

GDP (gross domestic product) Ranking

Country Population GDP Country Population* GDP** 2000 (M) 2006 (kB$) 2050 (M) 2050 (k B$) 1 USA 285 13.19 China 1,409 70.7 2 Japan 127 4.38 USA 402 38.5 3 Germany 82 2.89 India 1,658 37.7 4 China 1,270 2.67 Brazil 254 11.4 5 UK 59 2.37 Mexico 132 9.3 6 France 59 2.23 Russia 108 8.6 7 Italy 58 1.85 Indonesia 297 7.0 8 Canada 31 1.27 Japan 95 6.7 9 Spain 40 1.23 UK 68 5.1 10 Brazil 174 1.07 Germany 74 5.0

*Ministry of International Affairs and Communications, Japan **Goldman Sachs (2007)

Potential of underused renewable energy sources

Hydro Tides & currents Wind Geo- thermal

Solar

Current use

0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000

TW

• C. Somerville (NEDO Workshop, Osaka, 2006, 9, 14)

TW (tera watt)=1,000 Billion watt

Plant biomass

Use of Oil Products in Japan（2006）

Gasoline Naphtha Jet fuel Kerosene Diesel Heavy oil

229 million kl

Ethanol

Annual Report of Resources and Energy

Bio Bio-

• diesel

diesel Lignin Industrial materials by plants

Ethanol is an Excellent Transportation Fuel Ethanol is an Excellent Transportation Fuel Compared to Gasoline Compared to Gasoline

• Has a higher octane rating; causes a disproportionate increase

Has a higher octane rating; causes a disproportionate increase in octane rating when blended with gasoline; replaced in octane rating when blended with gasoline; replaced tetraethyl lead as octane enhancer tetraethyl lead as octane enhancer

• Burns with greater efficiency

Burns with greater efficiency

• Produces lower amounts of ozone precursors, thus decreasing

Produces lower amounts of ozone precursors, thus decreasing air pollution, no air pollution, no SOx SOx and and NOx NOx

• Lower net C0

Lower net C02

2 contribution to atmosphere

contribution to atmosphere

• Free from sea water pollution

Free from sea water pollution

• More favorable trade balance

More favorable trade balance

• Enhanced energy security

Enhanced energy security

• Major new crop for depressed agricultural economy

Major new crop for depressed agricultural economy

(Wyman and (Wyman and Hinman Hinman, 1990;Lynd et al;1991; Greene et al., 2004) , 1990;Lynd et al;1991; Greene et al., 2004)

Bioenergy Research Centerin US: $200 M （2007－2012）

• Support R&D projects for ethanol production for

automobile, production of fine chemicals and industrial materials from biomass

• President Bush ： cost down of cellulose-ethanol to

that of gasoline in 2012

• Cut 20% of gasoline within 10 years
• Domestic supply of renewable clean energy

Bioenergy Science Center Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center Joint Bioenergy Institute

Possibility of replacement of gasoline to ethanol Possibility of replacement of gasoline to ethanol

World Japan

Gasoline consumption 2.6 B kl (100%) 60 M kl (100%) Starch production 2.8 B ton 17 M ton Ethanol production 1.8 B kl (70%) 11 M kl (18%) Unused biomass 52 B ton 220 M ton Ethanol production 21 Bkl (800%) 88 M kl (150%) Waste biomass 4.3 B ton 49 M ton Ethanol production 2.3 B kl (90%) 20 M kl (33%) Unused biomass: wild forest, weeds, wastes 640 kl ethanol is produced from 1 ton starch. 400 kl ethanol is produced from 1 ton rice straw.

• Y. Nabeshima:

Metabolic Engineering of Plants (2002)

H H CH3O•CO-R1 HC•O•CO-R1 HC•OH HC•O•CO-R2 + 3CH3OH → HC•OH + CH3O•CO-R2 HC•O•CO-R3 HC•OH H H CH3O•CO-R3 Oil Methanol Glycerol Fatty acid methyl ester (Bio Bio-

• diesel fuel)

diesel fuel)

Enzymatic production with lipase will be better.

Bio Bio-

• diesel fuel

diesel fuel

Law materials: plant and animal oil Law materials: plant and animal oil

Catalyst in alkaline condition

Annual production of oil biomass Annual production of oil biomass Annual production of oil biomass Annual production of oil biomass

Production ( Production ( Production ( Production (Mton

Mton Mton Mton/Y) /Y) /Y) /Y) Oil ( Oil ( Oil ( Oil (Mton Mton Mton Mton) ) Oil yield (ton/ha) Oil yield (ton/ha) Oil yield (ton/ha) Oil yield (ton/ha) Soybe Soybean Soybe Soybean 2.14 2.14 2.14 2.14 17.6 0.35 17.6 0.35 17.6 0.35 17.6 0.35 Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed Rapeseed 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.64 Oil palm Oil palm Oil palm Oil palm 0.55 0.55 23.0 23.0 0.55 0.55 23.0 23.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower Sunflower ー ー 6.0 6.0 0.43 0.43 6.0 6.0 0.43 0.43 Jatropha Jatropha Jatropha Jatropha ー ー ー ー 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75

Attractive oil plant, Jatropha curcas

Origin: Central America

Grow in semi-drought, active growth over 20℃, 3～5m height, grow 50 years Oil content in seed, 30～40％ Non-food, because of toxic compound, pholbol ester Oil yield, 1.75 ton/ha/year, next of oil palm Annual consumption of diesel oil in the world : 1.5 B kl Jatropha oil production: 1.9 kl/ha (Density of bio-diesel : 0.93) Cultivation land required : 800 Mha Semi-dry land in on the earth : 3,400 Mha

B747-300 Haneda, Tokyo 2009, 1, 30

Bio-flight :Test flight by bio-diesel fuel was succeeded.

The third engine of B747-300 was drived by pure bio-jet fuel (Camelina

• il:84％, Jatropha oil:15％, algae oil:1％ mixture).

2008, 2 2008, 12 2009, 1, 7 babasu oil and coconut oil 80% jet fuel 20% Jatropha oil 50% jet fuel 50% Jatropha oil algal oil 50% jet fuel 50%

Comparison of process of bio-fuel production

Most important factor is a cost of law materials.

starch 1.6 kg → ethanol 1l starch 25 yen/kg → ethanol 40 yen/l

Fat fatty acid methyl ester

esterification

(bio-diesel) （heavy oil A）

(direct) No energy input No energy input

ethanol absolute ethanol (gasoline)

fermentation concent- ration high energy input high energy input inhibitor inhibitor

Sucrose Starch Cellulosic biomass

amylase cellulase, hemi-cellulase pre- treatment

glucose glucose xylose direct

Soil: N, P, K, S, Me, H2O Atmosphere CO2 Starch, cellulose (C6H12O6)n Fatty acid CH3(CH2)nCOOH CO2 H2O Chemical energy Solar energy O2 Other components Return to soil O2

Recycle system utilizing plant biomass energy

Plant biomass

Sustainable world！

120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Present use Total plant biomass Used biomass (7%)

(food, feed, wood, pulp, textile)

Required for maintenance of forest (33%) Unused biomass (60%) forestry: agriculture: stock raising 24 : 41 : 35 Increase of biomass (12%) Energy (TW)

Plant Biomass Energy Plant Biomass Energy

Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA technology technology

Useful genes

(any gene from

any organism)

×

Breeding by Breeding by crossing crossing

within close relatives Accidental result

Messiah of humans! Messiah of humans! Recombinant DNA technology Recombinant DNA technology

Drought Salt Temperature Active oxygen Acid rain Disease Insects Poor nutrition

Stress to plant

病気 害虫 雑草 干ばつ 土壌悪化 冷害 水害 収穫 その他

Yield Disease Insect Weed Drought Soil deterioration Cold weather Flood Others Decrease of productivity

• f plant by stress in US

Boyer:Science 1982

Eucalyptus 50% of pulp materials Growth: 5 m/year

Growth of Eucalyptus in acidic soil by citrate secretion

Utilization of rock phosphate Ohji Paper Co.

Leaf 110% Root 124% Wild Transgenic

Wild type tobacco

200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600

Transformant

• 2

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 * * * * * * * * * * * 16 18 20 22 * * * * * * * * * * *

Light intensity (µmol photons m-2 s-1) Photosynthetic activity （µmol CO2 m-2 s-1)）

FBP/SBPase gene Activation of RuBisCO

Wild type

Increase of photosynthesis by chloroplast transformation

Yokota, NAIST（Jap. Pat. App. 2004-59513）

Transformant

Gene for synthesize flowering hormone, Gene for synthesize flowering hormone, florigene florigene

10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Wild Hd3a Day for flowering (day)

Shortening of flowering time in rice

Shortening of harvesting time to 60% → Rice production : 3 times in Japan per year → Extend to wheat, corn, soybean, so on Shimamoto andTamaki, NAIST (2007)

Water Dry

Wild water melon The gene

Wild Trans- genic

Arabidopsis

Gene for extension of root Gene for extension of root from water melon in from water melon in Botswana Botswana desert desert

Yokota and Akashi, NAIST （2007）

Strategy for increase of biomass production

1) Increase of cultivation land

Utilization of dry and salty land, high/low temperature area/period, and acidic/alkaline soil

2) Increase of productivity per unit land

Increase of photosynthesis, CO2 fixation, growth rate, and size of seeds/tuber Shortening of harvesting period

3) Molecular breeding

Stress-resistance and increase of productivity

Total land on the earth : 12.8 billion hectare

(except lake, river and pond)

Agricultural land Forest Desert Dry land Urban Frozen land Mountain Others 1.525 B ha

3.43 B ha

Acidic soil

(42% of agricultural land)

Alkaline soil Salty soil Poor land

Increase of plant productivity by rDNA technology

Future Now

rDNA technology

Genetical maximum Stress Productivity Stress-resistant genes Metabolic genes Productivity Stress Productivity Stress

• 2. Technology for regulation of biosynthesis in useful plants

Technology : genes for metabolism, analysis of metabolites, identification of key gene, transformation of useful plants, increase of productivity, cultivation Materials : Eucalyptus, licorice, rubber tree, Eucommia, flax Product : pulp, rubber, terpenoid, steroid, carotenoid, hyaluronic acid

• 1. Analysis of biosynthesis of metabolites in model plants

Technology : Provide basic resources for biosynthetic process cDNA, gene expression, gene function, regulation of gene expression, microarray, metabolome, data base Materials : Arabidopsis thaliana, Lotus comiculatus

METI-NEDO Plant Project （2002～2009）

GPP FPP trans-polyisoprene

n OPP

cis-polyisoprene

OPP OPP OPP n H OPP OPP

IPP isomerase

IPP

DMAPP

polyprenyl-PP synthase

IPP

Rubber( polyisoprenoid) biosynthetic pathway

IPP

(C5) (C5) (C10) (C15)

IPP

Rubber tree Bridgestone Tochu (Eucommia ulmoides) Hitachi

From Bioscience to Biotechnology in Plants From Bioscience to Biotechnology in Plants

Many important genes have been isolated from model plants, such as Arabidopsis etc., and analyzed their

• functions. (stress-resistance, growth stimulation,

biosynthesis of metabolites, transcription factors, regulatory elements)

• Application to useful plants
• Genetically modified plants by multi-genes
• Quantitative regulation of gene expression

(Bioscience) (Biotechnology)

Basic and applied life science Basic and applied life science

Animal science Animal science Plant science Plant science Applied Applied Basic Basic Human Model animals (various) Various plants Model plants

(Arabidopsis)

Black Gold Black Gold Green Gold Green Gold

20 C 20 C 21 C 21 C

Blue Gold

Oil Oil-

• producing

producing countries became rich. countries became rich. Countries abundant Countries abundant biomass and strong to biomass and strong to biotechnology biotechnology will be will be happy. happy. Petroleum Petroleum Biomass Biomass