Program Receiver Technology used in (Radio) Astronomy Instruments - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Program Receiver Technology used in (Radio) Astronomy Instruments - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Sep 18, 2022 337 likes •894 views

(Radio) Astronomical Instruments. How are they work, how they are planned, designed, built, tested and maintained. Carlos A. Durn MPIfR, Bonn, 22 nd of January 2018 Program Receiver Technology used in (Radio) Astronomy Instruments &

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(Radio) Astronomical Instruments.

How are they work, how they are planned, designed, built, tested and maintained.

Carlos A. Durán MPIfR, Bonn, 22nd of January 2018

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Program

Instruments & T Instruments & Telescope Drivers elescope Drivers

Scientific Interest Technology Interface and Specification. Project Management

Constraints, limitations and barriers Constraints, limitations and barriers

Technology & technics Atmosphere Money Logistics & Operation Competitors / use.

Telescopes and configurations

Single Dish / Arrays Ground-base / Air- Balloon born / Space

Testing, Commissioning and Acceptance. Operation: The non-visible backstage.

Data Handling, Calibration and Archiving Surface accuracy and efficiencies Pointing and Atmospheric models Power Cryogenics

Receiver Technology used in (Radio) Astronomy

Front-end

Heterodynes (single pixel and arrays) Calorimeters / Bolometers

Backend

Spectrometers: AOS / FFTs Correlator (Auto and Cross) ADC and Total power detectors.

The need of low temperature: Cryostat and Cryogenics (Quasi) Optics, Telescope Coupling and interfacing. The design of an instrument.

Modeling and simulations Selection of Components Optics Design (Mirrors, filters, windows) Mechanical design Electronics and Electrical Interfacing Software

Tune up, characterization and commissioning

Lab Tests and Operation points Merit figures: Allan Variance, TRec, Thermo/mech.

  • Stabilities. Uncertainties

Commissioning.

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(Radio)Astronomy Instruments

Collecting Area + Detectors Signal conditioners Signal processors Refrigerators Vacuum vessels Optics SW/Control Modules

Telescope + Instruments

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What if What if…? ?

We explain / study this process / phenomenon / condition ? Scientific Inter Scientific Interest est

Fundamental Question

Instruments & Telescope Drivers

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We explain / study this process / phenomenon / condition ?

  • Cosmology
  • Spectroscopy
  • Dynamics
  • Gravitational waves
  • Other Astro. Phenomena.

Fundamental Question

Instruments & Telescope Drivers

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Scientific Inter Scientific Interest est For that we build that kind of Telescope Technology echnology

Update / New generation

Instruments & Telescope Drivers

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Telescope equipped with this kind of instrumentation Technology echnology Has to fulfill this and that condition, and to be built in this and that way Interface and Specification Interface and Specification

Update New generation Performance

Instruments & Telescope Drivers

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Instruments & Telescope Drivers Interface and Specs. Interface and Specs. And all will be built by these institutions, in this time, budget, following these milestones and standards Pr Project Management

  • ject Management
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Instruments & Telescope Drivers Interface and Spec. Interface and Spec. Documents Documents

  • Design & Construction (Telescope

specifications)

Control, SW, Optics, dynamics, stability, Metrology (Tiltmeters, linear sensors), deformations, etc.

  • Instruments

Scope (Scientific target) Interface (SW, Optics, Electronics, Electrical, Cooling, weight, volume, safety, etc.)

  • Delivery / Deliverables (Parts, schematics,

drawings, recommendations, etc)

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Instruments & Telescope Drivers Interface and Spec. Documents Interface and Spec. Documents

  • Test, Commissioning and Acceptance
  • Criticality assessment

Maintenance and Lifespans Failure Action plans & Spares

  • Auxiliary system definitions

Power, network, radiometer, Pointing devices, signal and time refs, Calunit, HVAC, others

  • Facilities (definitions)
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Instruments & Telescope Drivers Pr Project Management

  • ject Management

(Design & Construction) Tools.

PM Control and tracking (SW Tools) Budget control

Meetings

Minute meetings Agreements

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Constraints, limitations and challenges Technology + Specs echnology + Specs

Type of Telescope à Size Resolution / Location à Size Optical Configuration à Size Type of instrumentation (BB_02)

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Constraints, limitations and challenges Atmospher Atmosphere e à “Site” “Site”

  • Atmospheric windows
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Constraints, limitations and challenges Atmospher Atmosphere e à “Site” “Site”

  • The higher/dryer/more stable, the better à Site testing
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Constraints, limitations and challenges Resour Resource$ ce$

  • Type
  • Size
  • Configuration
  • Site (Ground/Balloon/Airborne/Space)
  • Instrumentation

Instrumentation

  • Support & Auxiliary systems
  • Manpower
  • Operation
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Constraints, limitations and challenges Logistics and Operation Logistics and Operation

  • How (mode)

24x7 / Partial / seasonal In situ / Service mode / Remote / Robotic

  • For How long / Conditions

Life span (Politics / scientific / technology / $ / Manpower)

  • Where

Access / Serviceability

  • Criticality assessment

Failure Action plans & Spares

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Constraints, limitations and challenges Competitors v/s demand Competitors v/s demand

  • Keep the system running and attractive

State-of-the-art instruments

Reliable, shinny and QA

  • Scientific throughput

Papers / Euro Hours on Sky / year Discoveries (relevance)

  • Using chances (for instrument construction)
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Telescopes and Configurations

E.M. wave Polarization (Electric Field Direction)

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Telescopes and Configurations

Free space E.M. wave propagation

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Telescopes and Configurations

Radiation Pattern (Pn)

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Telescopes and Configurations

Radiation Pattern HPBW: Half power beam width

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Telescopes and Configurations

Antenna Parameters

∫∫ ∫ ∫

Ω = ⋅ = Ω

π π π

φ θ φ θ θ φ θ

4 2

) , ( ) sin( ) , ( d P d d P

n n A

Main beam area Minor lobes area

Ω = Ω

∫∫

d P

beam Main n M

) , ( φ θ Ω = Ω

∫∫

d P

lobes

  • r

n m min

) , ( φ θ

m M A

Ω + Ω = Ω

Beam area

(pattern solid angle)

A M M

Ω Ω = ε

Main beam efficiency

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Telescopes and Configurations

Gain: Directivity: Aperture efficiency Effective Aperture

  • Eff. factor

Blockage à SR, Legs Spillover à Illumination

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Telescopes and Configurations

  • Types: “Wire” Antennas / Aperture | Single Dish / Arrays
  • Optical configuration (Apertures).

– Parabolic On Axis / Off Axis – Nasmyth, Cassegrain, Gregorian

  • Site (Location) Ground / Airborne / Balloon / Space
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Telescopes and Configurations

Types: “Wire” Antennas / Aperture

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Telescopes and Configurations

Types: Aperture

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Telescopes and Configurations

Typical Optical configuration ypical Optical configuration (Reflector).

Parabolic, On Axis / Off Axis Cassegrain, Gregorian Nasmyth (Coude)

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Telescopes and Configurations

Types: Aperture - Reflector

Big collecting area, focusing radiation into a focal point (waist)

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Telescopes and Configurations

*Optical configuration *Optical configuration (no blockage) (no blockage)

Cross-Dragone à CCAT-p

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Telescopes and Configurations

Arrays (Apertur Arrays (Apertures) es)

Large Aperture “Damaged” large aperture

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Telescopes and Configurations

Arrays (Apertur Arrays (Apertures) es)

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Telescopes and Configurations

Arrays (W Arrays (Wir ires or Apertur es or Apertures) es)

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Telescopes and Configurations

Site Atmosphere Able to update Access Observing Run DataRate Failure correction Limitations Tracking/ control Cost C/O

Groudbase Thin (altitude) HW/SW always 24/7 at will High anytime No OK $$/$ Airborne Very thin HW/SW daily 10hrs (rtb) High Daily or rtb Power/weight OK $$$/$$ Balloon Vert thin HW/SW monthly months (rtb) Mid monthly (after mission) Power/Weight Airstreams $/$ Satellite/Space non-existing SW no years with fxied date Low No Power/Weight OK $$$$/$

Site (Location)

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Telescopes and Configurations

Ground Based: APEX (2 Nasmyth + 1 cassegrain)

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Telescopes and Configurations

APEX

Diameter 12 m Mass 125000 kg 264 aluminium panels average panel surface r.m.s. 5 micron Hyperboloidal Aluminium Diameter 0.75m Mounting Alt-Az Surface accuracy (r.m.s.) 17 micron 2" rms over sky Pointing accuracy on track 0.6" Manufacturer Vertex Antennentechnik f/D 8 Beam width (FWHM) 7.8" * (800 / f [GHz]) Receiver cabins 2 Nasmyth (A,B) + 1 Cassegrain (C) Main reflector Secondary reflector Pointing accuracy (r.m.s.)

24.4/ηa Jy/K forward efficiency (ηf), aperture efficiency (ηa), main beam efficiency (ηmb), and Moon efficiency (ηM).

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Telescopes and Configurations

Balloon: STO2 (South Pole)

Arrays at 1.4 and 1.9 THz

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Telescopes and Configurations

Space : Herschel

HiFi + PACS + SPIRE

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Telescopes and Configurations

Space : Herschel

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Telescopes and Configurations

2.7m Boing 747SP

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Testing, commissioning and acceptance

  • Positioning, tracking, pointing, accelerations, Metrology,

Mass balance (requires of some instrumentation)

  • “Antenna” Parameters

Main Dish / Secondary (+Tertiary) Gain Efficiencies Frequency limits (optics parameters) Throw (Woobler) / Focus (Subreflector)

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Testing, commissioning and acceptance

Positioning & Tracking

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Beam, efficiencies, spillover:

Determination by de-convolving planet scans

Telescope beam (*) planet = scan (apparent beam)

Testing, commissioning and acceptance

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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Data handling, calibration and archiving

Data Reduction à Who? Data Calibration à Why/How? Data Archiving (raw + cal) and delivery à Where?

Data Q.A.

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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Surface accuracy

  • Surface approximation

(parabolic mirror)

  • RMS difference
  • Measurements:
  • Coarse: Photogrammetry
  • Fine: Holography
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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Surface accuracy - Holography

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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Pointing models

  • Regular Pointing campaigns Per instrument /

Frequency (And in particular after interventions / maintenances)

  • Why does it change:

Optics (Misalignments, position dependent deformations) Mechanics (Wearing out, gears, encoders) Dynamics (Moving mass / deformations / hysteresis) Time and Position reference drifts

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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Atmospheric models / opacity

  • Atmospheric models

Weather station/information / forecast (Crosscheck) Atmosphere opacity à Radiometer (Calibration) * Minimum detectable signal.

  • Essential for Data Calibration
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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Preventive and corrective maintenance

  • Preventive over corrective. (programmed

shutdown)

  • Detailed plan (manufacturers/suppliers)
  • Experience (years + knowhow + evidence)
  • Data analysis
  • Corrective à Response time.
  • Failure analysis
  • Continuous improvement
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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Power Generation

UPS for critical systems. Always! Off-Grid (Self autonomous) Fuel & Consumables (Gensets, Turbines, Hybrid, etc) Diagnose and Preventive Maintenance Redundancy Lifespan Monitoring / Self commanding

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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Power Generation

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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Cryogenics & Vacuum Closed cycle

  • Coldhead / PT /

Sorption Coolers

  • Compressors
  • Helium lines
  • Coolant
  • Chillers

Open cycle

  • LN2/Lhe Evaporator
  • Cryoliquids handling
  • “babysitting” &

refills

  • Scheduling & Safety
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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Cryogenics & Vacuum Vacuum

  • Cryostats
  • Pumps
  • Rough /fore
  • Turbo
  • Vacuum “mechanics”
  • Hoses, manifolds, transfer lines, fittings,

seals, windows, etc.

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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Cryogenics & Vacuum

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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Criticality system assessment overview

System | Subsystem | Location | Parents / Children | Weaknesses | Action Plan | Spares & Manpower | Safety à Map of Criticality

Known Potential Consequences Possible workarounds Servo System El Servos for Motors (x4) Lenze Servo amplifiers for El motors Servo cabinet ACU / Telescope power distribution EL Motors / Tracking Performance Every once in a while, an accumulative error can arise, making tracking error noticeable. 3F11 solves this problem A couple can be disabled, and telescope can work with at least 1 pair healty / replace it. yes Carlos A. Durán / Rodrigo Olivares
  • C. Duran / F.
Montenegro Medium to high (depending on how many of them fail) Servo System AZ Servos for Motors (x2) Lenze Servo amplifiers for AZ motors Servo cabinet ACU / Telescope power distribution AZ Motors / Tracking Performance Every once in a while, an accumulative error can arise, making tracking error noticeable. 3F11 solves this problem Replace Inmediatelly . Telescope cant work without one of them yes Carlos A. Durán / Rodrigo Olivares
  • C. Duran / F.
Montenegro High Servo System EL Motors Syncro Motor Cabin A - Cabin B EL Servo Tracking performance n/a A couple can be disabled, and telescope can work with at least 1 pair healty, depending on failure / replace it. ?
  • J. Santana
  • C. Duran / F.
Montenegro High Servo System AZ Motors Syncro Motor Behind Insturments cabin AZ Servo Tracking performance n/a Replace Inmediatelly. Telescope cant work without one of them ?
  • J. Santana
  • C. Duran / F.
Montenegro High Servo System PLC PLC for interlocks, general monitoring, full manual mode control and low level interface Servo cabinet ACU / Telescope power distribution Tracking performca. Interlocks avoiding telescope being moved. Connections can get loose. Internal battery might require replacement. Observations can't continue. It requires inmediate actions. ? Rodrigo Olivares / Carlos A. Durán ? Highest Subsystems depending
  • n this one
Criticality Level Personal satefy relevant In case of major failure Available spares Person more experienced Person in Charge Weaknesses and issues System Subsystem Description Location Depending from
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Operation: The nonvisible backstage Monitoring System

Measure and record variables Telescope Instruments Support systems Alarms and Pre-alarms Analyze data à Trends, Vibration profiles, etc.

Data