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PVC Swimming Pool Lin iners

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PVC Swimming Pool Lin iners

In ground pre-tailored pool liners A pool engineer’s guide to their manufacture, fitting and care

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An ISPE & SPATA Workshop

Welcome

1. Background 2. The basics of liners and what they do 3. How liners are made 4. What is required of me as an installer? 5. Surveying the pool 6. Installing pool liners 7. Common mistakes and problems 8. Care and maintenance

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In Introduction

• Welcome, this course is about PVC swimming pool liners,

specifically in ‘domestic’ pool settings.

• As a course attendee, you will be asked what previous

experience you have had with installing liners.

• You will be given invaluable, impartial information about the

important factors influencing liners, their installation and care.

• The course will refer to other resources such as the SPATA

Member Factsheets 80a and 80b and ISPE Training Manuals.

• This course can be used as part of the Continuing

(Continuous) Professional Development (CPD) scheme for staff employed in the Pool Industry.

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Background on liner pools

• History
• Bag liner (pre-fabricated)
• Onsite liner
• Advantages and disadvantages over a tiled pool

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Background on liner pools

History ry

• Humble beginnings in USA

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History ry

• Humble beginnings in USA
• Water proof membrane into a basic structure

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History ry

• Humble beginnings in USA
• Water proof membrane into a basic structure
• Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pool liners have now

become much more sophisticated

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History ry

• Humble beginnings in USA
• Water proof membrane into a basic structure
• Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pool liners have now

become much more sophisticated

• PVC material itself is specifically mixed

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History ry

• Humble beginnings in USA
• Water proof membrane into a basic structure
• Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pool liners have now

become much more sophisticated

• PVC material itself is specifically mixed
• Patterns and materials and accuracy of the

modern pool liner manufacturing process are a world away from where it first started

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History ry

• Humble beginnings in USA
• Water proof membrane into a basic structure
• Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pool liners have now

become much more sophisticated

• PVC material itself is specifically mixed
• Patterns and materials and accuracy of the

modern pool liner manufacturing process are a world away from where it first started

• Primary function remains unchanged.

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Why use a PVC Liner?

• Build costs in labour and materials
• Time on site
• Refurbishment

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Why use a PVC Liner?

• Build costs in labour and materials
• Time on site
• Refurbishment
• Disadvantages
• Physical limitations
• Life expectancy
• Temperatures
• Bathing Load

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Why use a PVC Liner?

• Build costs in labour and materials
• Time on site
• Refurbishment
• Disadvantages
• Physical limitations
• Life expectancy
• Temperatures
• Bathing Load
• Choose the right liner

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Advantages Disadvantages

• Low price of build
• Low price of finish
• Soft finish
• Easily changeable
• Lower bathing loads
• Lower temperatures
• Daily/Weekly care
• Longevity of structure

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Liner Beading

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Other installation types

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Other installation types

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Domestic Thin Foil Liners

• Temperature – Max 29°C (84°F)
• Bathing load – Domestic

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Liner Type Defi finitions

• Pre-fabricated Liners
• Thin foil
• Bag Liner
• Hung Liner
• On Site Lining
• Rolls of material brought to site

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Limitations of f Details

• Curves – Dishing & Coves
• Made from flat sheets so can only curve in one plane
• Steps & Shallow areas
• Lack of water pressure makes these vulnerable to slip
• Steps, pits & dividing walls
• The tolerances can be too tight to work to
• Overflow – Deck level – Infinity edges
• Water tightness has to be carefully designed and sealed

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On Site Lining

• Has better longevity
• Suitable for semi commercial applications
• Old pool / refurbishment compatibility

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How liners are made

• PVC Material
• Reductions
• Working Drawing
• Cutting
• Welding
• Packing

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How liners are made

Liner Material

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• 60% PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride)
• 35% Plasticiser
• 5% Additives
• Pigments
• Fungicides
• Anti-oxidants
• Processing aids and lubricants
• UV and Heat Stabilisers

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Calendering Process Video

28 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzvomFA FVuw

PVC Material & Temperature

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5°C 20°C 100°C 118°C

The Correct Temperature

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5°C Too Little stretch 15°C Just right 100°C

>117°C

117°C is the Vicat softening point of PVC

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Measuring a Pool

Measuring a Pool Continued

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Liner Reductions

• Liners are pre-fabricated from flat sheets
• 10mm (½”) tolerance
• 2% vertical, 1% horizontal
• Goal is to get even tension

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Liner Manufacturing

• Dimensions reduced
• Shape flattened
• Split into sheet widths
• Drawn & dimensioned

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Liner Manufacturing

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Making the Liner

• 1. Wall

1.Tileband 2.Beading

• 2. Floor

1.Shaped pieces joined 2.Flat sheet pieced up & shaped

• 3. Wall joined to floor

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Working drawings

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Welding

• The material is supplied to the liner

manufacturer in ‘roll form’

• Floor is welded into a single section

usually using high frequency welding

• The wall is manufactured separately

including tile band and beading

• Main sections are joined together

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Welding

• High frequency welding
• Similar to microwave technology
• Required heat and pressure
• Hot wedge welding
• Speed and temperature control vital
• Hot air welding
• Usually manual
• Solvent welding
• Rarely used. Can damage print

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Packing

• Careful inspection
• Fan-folded and rolled
• Wrapped and packed
• Easily unfolded on site

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Checking

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Packing

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Liner Manufacturing - Summary ry

• The liner is pre-fabricated in a factory
• Therefore all the information is from the site

survey

• Give all the information possible – if in doubt,

measure more, photograph and contact the manufacturer to discuss

• Customer expectations must be considered

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Break

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Liner Manufacturing - Summary ry

• The liner is pre-fabricated in a factory
• Therefore all the information is from the site survey
• Give all the information possible – if in doubt,

measure more, photograph and contact the manufacturer to discuss

• Customer expectations must be considered

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What is required as an an installer?

What is required as an an installer?

• Surveying the pool
• Installing pool liners
• Care and maintenance

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Surveying the pool

• Requirements
• Tolerances
• Equipment
• With or without water in the pool?
• Importance of accuracy

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Surveying the pool

• Requirements
• Ability to re-draw
• Horizontal & vertical only
• It must add up!
• Tolerances
• ½” or 10mm overall

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Surveying your pool

• Equipment
• Tapes
• Spirit level & plumb line
• Chalk and markers
• Steel Pegs
• Laser measure
• Pen and paper!

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Surveying your pool - discussion

• With or without water in the pool?
• Importance of accuracy

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Fitting the PVC Liner

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Liner Fitting - Topics

• PVC Material & Temperature
• The procedure
• Fitting creases
• Tools required
• Filling the pool
• Tips & Warnings

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The Procedure

• Prepare shell
• CLEAN
• Prepare the fittings & liner
• CLEAN
• Hang liner
• Vacuum & Adjust
• Vacuum & Adjust
• Fill and cut in

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The Procedure

• Fill then cut in

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Liner Fitting - Topics

• Aims and Expectations
• Fitting creases
• Tools required
• Filling the pool
• Tips & Warnings

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Liner Fitting Tips

• Sweep deck and pick entry spot
• Check and clean tracking/coping
• Work from top down
• Fit gaskets – mark screw holes
• CLEAN AGAIN!
• Do not fit without GOOD vacuum
• Never drag liner when folded

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Liner Fitting Tips

• NEVER

drag liner when folded

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Summary ry so far

• Types
• Benefits & Limitations
• Surveying the pool
• Manufacture
• Installing the liner
• Liner care

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Liner care and maintenance

• Liner care
• Pool running conditions
• Water Balance
• Bathing Loads
• Surrounding environment
• Life expectancy
• Problem diagnosis

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Liner care and maintenance

• Pool running conditions
• Water Balance
• SPATA
• Bathing Loads
• ISPE
• Surrounding environment

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Liner care and maintenance

• Pool running conditions
• Water Balance

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Cyanuric acid (mg/l) Minimum free Chlorine (mg/l) Normal operating Parameters (mg/l) 25 1.5 1.5 - 3 50 2.0 2.0 - 4 100 2.5 2.5 - 5

pH

Temperature

7.2-7.8

29°C

Liner care and maintenance

• Pool running conditions
• Bathing Loads - DOMESTIC
• ISPE – A domestic pool is a pool designed to be for the primary use
• f the owner, their family and invited guests.
• Health and Safety Executive - private swimming pools in domestic

premises while being used solely by the owner, family and guests. 65

Liner care and maintenance

• Pool running conditions
• Surrounding environment
• Geography & geographic location
• Weather
• Exposure
• Trees
• Maintenance personnel
• Affluence
• Roads
• Factories
• Etc……………

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Liner care and maintenance

• Liner care
• Pool running conditions
• Water Balance
• Bathing Loads
• Surrounding environment
• Life expectancy
• Three to fifteen years
• Indoor:- three to ten
• Outdoor:- five to fifteen
• Problem diagnosis

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Problems

• Creasing
• Wrinkles
• Staining
• Bleaching
• Leaking

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Creasing

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Temperature pH

• Excess water absorption will cause creasing

Creasing

• Force to move liner – ABILITY
• Uneven tension
• Heat
• Water absorption
• Flotation
• Lack of friction – OPPORTUNITY
• Water table
• Condensation, water migration

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Creasing

• When is a crease just a ripple?
• Liner needs tension
• Little or a lot
• Must be even
• Let a liner settle for few months
• Customer expectation

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Recognising Creasing Types

• Liner tramp
• Pruning
• Liner float

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Staining & Bleaching

• Metals & Minerals
• Algae
• Oils & cleaning

products

• Bleaching

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How to avoid common mistakes

• Confusion over the pattern
• Measurements not tallying up or missing
• Wall to floor radii not mentioned
• Liner size too big / too small
• Liner is wrapped in a protective layer
• Liner fitted the wrong way round!
• Holes in the liner
• Creasing
• Leaking

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Any questions?

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Conclusion

• PVC liner pools are here to stay
• Vacuum fits - Water locks
• There is no ABC to fitting a liner
• It is worth getting the liner right as it turns a

hole in the ground into a swimming pool

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Lunch

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Refresher

• Background, history and types
• Materials, reductions and manufacturing
• Surveying, installation and maintenance

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Reviewing the common mistakes

• Confusion over the pattern
• Measurements not tallying up or missing
• Wall to floor radii not mentioned
• Liner size too big / too small
• Liner is wrapped in a protective layer
• Liner fitted the wrong way round!
• Holes in the liner
• Creasing
• Leaking

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Test!

• The test can be conducted as an “open book” exercise, so

you are permitted to refer to the relevant course materials.

• Please do not confer with anyone else on the course during

the test, but you can chat with a tutor.

• Should any candidate require assistance with reading the

questions, please liaise with the tutor before the test starts.

• There are twenty questions to answer and the pass mark is

90%.

• Scores above 60% can be re-tested verbally on the day,

while scores below 60% will require a re-test on a different day.

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Test feedback

• As each of the results become known to the

tutor, they will (anonymously) note any questions that are answered wrongly.

• Group feedback will then be given.
• Individual feedback will be provided, where

applicable.

• Attendance certification will be provided,

where applicable

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Any fi final questions?

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Thank you for your attendance

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