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Surface imaging of flux-closure domains in thick micron-size - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Surface imaging of flux-closure domains in thick micron-size self-assembled dots: a combined LEEM/XMCD-PEEM study O.Fruchart Laboratoire Louis Nel (CNRS-UJF-INPG) Grenoble Laboratoire Louis N Louis N el, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France

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SLIDE 1

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

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Surface imaging of flux-closure domains in thick micron-size self-assembled dots: a combined LEEM/XMCD-PEEM study

O.Fruchart

Laboratoire Louis Néel (CNRS-UJF-INPG) Grenoble

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SLIDE 2

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.2

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

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  • Jan. 17th, 2007
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SLIDE 3

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.3

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

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Scientific context: nanomagnetism Nanomagnetism: many new effects over the past 20 years

Transport: GMR, CMR, TMR etc. Switching: precessional, spin torque, F/AF Materials: semiconductors, molecules, multiferroic

Boosted or new applications

Memories: hard disks, MO disks, MRAMs Sensors: sensitivity, down-scaling, read heads Magnetic logic: prospective (reprogrammable)

…thanks to improvements in:

Fabrication: films, lithography etc. Characterization: structure, magnetism Micromagnetic simulations

Why still bother with static / quasi-static magnetization configurations? * Prerequisite for integrating concepts into devices * Some properties modified at the nanoscale: exchange, length scales, anisotropy etc.

Magnetism in reduced dim ensions, O. Fruchart, A. Thiaville, C. R. Physique 6 , 9 2 1 ( 2 0 0 5 )

  • C. R. Physique 6 ( 2 0 0 5 ) : Spintronics

Cf talk by F. Petroff

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SLIDE 4

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.4

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Magnetization states: from macrospins to bulk Macrospins

  • E. Bonet-Orozco et al,

PRL 8 3 , 4 1 8 8 ( 1 9 9 9 )

Single domains

  • K. J. Kirk et al.,

APL 7 1 , 5 3 9 ( 1 9 9 7 )

Closure domains (flat)

  • M. Schneider et al., APL 7 7 , 2 9 0 9 ( 2 0 0 0 )

Increasing size Cf talk by C. H. Back

* Nanomagnetism for 3D flux-closure magnetization? * From nanostructures to bulk Issues for fundamental physics

  • M. Hehn et al., Science 2 7 2 , 1 7 8 2 ( 1 9 9 6 )
  • R. Hertel et al., PRB 6 0 , 7 3 6 6 ( 1 9 9 9 )

W . Rave et al., JMMM 1 9 0 , 3 3 2 ( 1 9 9 8 )

  • J. K. Ha et al., PRB 6 7 , 2 2 4 4 3 2 ( 2 0 0 3 )

Very few reports:

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SLIDE 5

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.5

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Motivations for studying 3D magnetization configurations Micromagnetic state and hysteresis of domain walls (not domains) Confine domain walls in nanostructures:

  • Single walls

> low complexity

  • Walls are pinned

> can be manipulated

  • Constraints can be put on the wall

Use self-assembled nanostructures for higher quality

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Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.6

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Fe/Mo(110) dots: growth and structure

Sample

Pulsed Laser Deposition (DLP) in UHV

(101)

[ 0 0 1 ] [ 1 -1 0 ] ( 1 1 0 )

(101) (100) (110) (011)

AFM, 10x10 µm

P.-O. Jubert et al., JMMM 2 2 6 , 1 8 4 2 ( 2 0 0 1 ) P.-O. Jubert et al., PRB6 4 , 1 1 5 4 1 9 ( 2 0 0 2 )

RHEED beam

Atomically flat facets

cc(110)/Al2O3(11-20) cc=Mo, W, Nb, etc.

Target Nd:YAG pulsed laser

Shape in real space

Fe/ Mo(110) @ 450°C

I n c i d e n t R e f l e c t i

  • n
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SLIDE 7

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.7

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Wulff-Kaischev theorem

γi γj hi hj

Wulff’s theorem

Free standing crystal

Wulff Kaishev’s theorem

γi hi

hint

Supported crystal (growth on surfaces)

With strain: Simulations or more complex models (e.g. small dots)

  • P. Müller and R. Kern,
  • Surf. Sci. 4 5 7 , 2 2 9 ( 2 0 0 0 )

No facet with high surface energy Truncated crystal

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SLIDE 8

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.8

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Fe/Mo(110) dots: magnetism

300K

  • 1.5 -1.0 -0.5 0.0

0.5 1.0 1.5

  • 1.0
  • 0.5

0.0 0.5 1.0 // [001] // [1-10] // [110]

Applied field µ0H (T)

Magnetization [001] [001] [1-10] [1-10] (110) (110)

500 nm

LANDAU DIAMOND

Hysteresis loops Magnetization states

Rem anent states after saturation along [ 0 0 1 ]

  • Magn. Force. Micr.

Question: Why two magnetic states can occur? (Landau state has lower energy)

P.-O.Jubert et al., Europhys. Lett. 6 3 , 1 3 5 ( 2 0 0 3 ) P.-O. Jubert et al., Phys. Rev. B6 4 , 1 1 5 4 1 9 ( 2 0 0 2 )

  • Collabo. Y. Samson (CEA-Grenoble)

Finite-differences m ethod ( JC Toussaint)

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Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.9

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Reminder: the Van den Berg construction (model)

  • div

= M

. = n M

  • H. A. M. Van den Berg, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 4 4 , 2 0 7 ( 1 9 8 4 )

Infinitely soft material (K=0) Zero external magnetic field (no volume charges) (no surface charges)

Z =

e

mc =

e

ex ⎯→

⎯ e

d =

e

Looking for a solution with : « Flux closure » 2D geometry (neglect thickness) Size >> all magnetic length scales (wall width)

Hypothesis Solution

x y

y M x M

y x

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

+ = M div

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SLIDE 10

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.10

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Van den Berg construction: example for self-assembled dots

Landau Diamond

Models based on sandpiles

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Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.11

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ / them es them es/ couches/ / couches/ ext ext / /

Fe/Mo(110) dots: micro-SQUID

AFM, 2µm x 2µm

Measurement of single dots

Coll: W . W ernsdorfer, LLN-Grenoble

  • D. Mailly, LPN-Paris
  • O. Fruchart et al., PRB 7 0 ( R) , 1 7 2 4 0 9 ( 2 0 0 4 )

Micromagnetic calculations

ϕ= + 50° ϕ= + 40° H ext

57 mT

  • 5.8 mT

Hext

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SLIDE 12

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.12

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Fe/Mo(110) dots – Issues to be clarified Unclear MFM patterns Bloch points predicted by simulations

Need to image surface magnetization

with high resolution for better insight.

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Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.13

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Imaging Néel caps

Experiment: topography (LEEM)

y z

Thin versus thick dots: From 2D nanostructures towards bulk materials

Height = 1 8 0 nm Length = 1 6 5 0 nm

Experiment: surface magnetization (XMCD-PEEM)

z M y M x M

z y x

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂

− − − = M div

  • Néel caps occur to reduce

surface and volume magnetic charges Already known from near-2D states

  • R. Hertel et al., PRB6 0 , 7 3 6 6 ( 1 9 9 9 )

P.-O.Jubert et al., Europhys. Lett. 6 3 , 1 3 5 ( 2 0 0 3 )

Magnetization sensititivity direction

= M.n

  • R. Hertel et al., PRB 7 2 , 2 1 4 4 0 9 ( 2 0 0 5 )
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SLIDE 14

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.14

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ / them es them es/ couches/ / couches/ ext ext / /

Micromagnetism: numerical methods Finite elements method

PRI NCI PLE Discretization cells: tetrahedrons (instead of prisms for finite differences) PROS Better physical description of curved or tilted boundaries Possibility of adaptative mesh

  • R. Hertel, MPI - Halle, now at I FF-Jülich

CONS More complex mathematical ground for the validity of equations Loss of translational symmetry, and thus of the Fast Fourier Transform for dipolar energy

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SLIDE 15

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.15

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Asymmetric end domains : main features

Experim ent ( top) Sim ulation ( top w ith facets)

The main features are reproduced

Asym m etry around vortex Strong asym m etry of end dom ains Néel cap displaced from m edian line y z Pseudo-2 D 3 D

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SLIDE 16

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.16

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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A new type of wall / cap combination

  • 3D thinking required
  • Role of walls with constrained angles?
  • Role of tilted facets?

Asymmetric end domains : 3D details to be understood

Top Mid-height Bottom

  • Perp. component

(mid-height view) Magnetization component

Assymetric Néel wall

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SLIDE 17

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.17

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Switch of Néel-cap

Image : 750 x 2000nm y z

2N+1 switches expected

why 3 never observed?

Numerical calculations: core switch

rather than cap switch

See Hubert’s book for Néel cap and cap sw itches

Height = 1 3 0 nm

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SLIDE 18

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.18

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Stretched vortex state

Image : 1500 x 1000nm Height = 1 8 0 nm LEEM X-PEEM (sum) X-PEEM (XMCD)

Is there a minimum length for Bloch

walls?

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SLIDE 19

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.19

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Other effect specific to 3D

State induced by the asymmetric

shape of the dot

Image : 2000 x 1000nm Height = 1 9 5 nm

Magnetization not parallel to edges (3D effect)

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SLIDE 20

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.20

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Illustration of the high level of near-degeneracy

Field of view : 2 .5 µm

  • Perpendicular magnetization of Bloch wall core
  • Circulation of main domains (clock- versus anticlock-wise)
  • Direction of Néel cap (Bloch wall asymmetry)

3 degrees of freedom

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SLIDE 21

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.21

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Example: additional degrees of freedom Bottom view

End domains not centro-symmetric?

Cross-sections

3D flux-closure, and additional degrees of freedom

Additional degrees of freedom Magnetization processes of domain walls Requires applied fields Prospects

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SLIDE 22

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.22

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ / them es them es/ couches/ / couches/ ext ext / /

Conclusion – From near-2D towards bulk domain states Imaging of surface magnetization with XMCD-PEEM

with 30nm lateral resolution. LEEM used for the shape.

Use self-assembled dots as a microlaboratory

for confining and constraining domain walls From 2D to bulk behavior

Arrangement of Néel caps confirmed:

  • Connection with end domains
  • Shift from median line
  • Asymmetry close to surface vortex

Strong deviations from near-2D micromagnetism:

  • Strong asymmetry of end domains
  • In-plane component of magnetization

not parallel to the edge

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SLIDE 23

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.23

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Contributors

Laboratoire Louis Néel (CNRS), Grenoble (France) O.Fruchart, P.-O. Jubert (now at IBM-Zürich)

Technical support: V. Santonacci, Ph. David, A. Liénard,

  • S. Biston, S. Pellé

Computer micromagnetics Growth and magnetism PEEM

ELETTRA Sincrotron, Trieste (Italy)

  • A. Locatelli, S. Heun

Computer micromagnetics

MPI für Mikrostrukturphysik, Halle (Germany)

  • R. Hertel, J.Kirschner

J.-C. Toussaint, N. Collins

  • S. Cherifi, J. Vogel
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SLIDE 24

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.24

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

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Financial support

Laboratoire Européen associé ( LEA) MPI-Halle (Mikrostrukturphysik) / CNRS-Grenoble (Laboratoire Louis Néel) Région Rhône-Alpes (Program Emergence 2001) French m inistry of Research (ACI Nanostructures 2000) EU contract (HPRI-CT-1999-00033)

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SLIDE 25

Olivier Fruchart – Magnetism Workshop, SOLEIL –Jan.2006 – p.25

Laboratoire Louis Néel, Grenoble, France. Laboratoire Laboratoire Louis N Louis Né éel, Grenoble el, Grenoble, France , France. .

http:/ / lab-neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ them es/ couches/ ext/ http:/ / http:/ / lab lab-

  • neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr

neel.grenoble.cnrs.fr/ / them es them es/ couches/ / couches/ ext ext / /

Overview of magnetic microscopies better than 50nm

Sp-STM SEMPA SPLEEM Lorentz XMCD-PEEM XMCD- microscopy (Fresnel ZP) EMCD TEM (Posters) Resolution In-field Versatile* Dynamics <1nm 10nm 10nm 10nm 25nm 30-50nm ? YES local No? Yes… No? YES ? No Yes No-Yes? Limited Yes Depends Limited No No No No Yes Yes No

Worse is best Combine synchrotron with lab (and the reverse!) Keep developing all Conclusions

Element- sensitive Limited No Limited No Yes Yes Yes

*Versatile may mean: Sample preparation, measurement of brought-in samples etc.