The Lund jet plane: organising QCD radiation at colliders Gavin P . - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

the lund jet plane organising qcd radiation at colliders
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The Lund jet plane: organising QCD radiation at colliders Gavin P . - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Lund jet plane: organising QCD radiation at colliders Gavin P . Salam* Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics & All Souls College, Oxford based on arXiv:1807.04758 with F . Dreyer, G. Soyez (with some of their slides)


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SLIDE 1 1

The Lund jet plane: organising QCD radiation at colliders

Gavin P . Salam*
 Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics
 & All Souls College, Oxford

Birmingham
 4/3/2019

* on leave from CERN and CNRS

based on arXiv:1807.04758 with
 F . Dreyer, G. Soyez (with some of their slides)

slide-2
SLIDE 2 2

pp

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SLIDE 3 2

→ ?

pp

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SLIDE 4 2

→ ?

pp PbPb

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SLIDE 5 2

→ ? → ?

pp PbPb

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SLIDE 6

jets

3
slide-7
SLIDE 7 4
slide-8
SLIDE 8 4
slide-9
SLIDE 9 5

jets are about organizing the information from hundreds (or thousands) of particles
 into a form that we as humans can understand and process

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SLIDE 10

jets

i.e. how we make sense of the hadronic part of events

6 H µ+ µ _ u σ u b b _ Z proton proton π ... K − + B B µ + µ proton proton

Interpretation

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SLIDE 11

The Quantum-Chromodynamic (QCD) origin of jets

7

q q

Start off with a qqbar system

slide-12
SLIDE 12

A key QCD tool: jets

8

q q

a gluon gets emitted at small angles

slide-13
SLIDE 13

A key QCD tool: jets

9

q q

it radiates a further gluon

slide-14
SLIDE 14

A key QCD tool: jets

10

q q

and so forth

slide-15
SLIDE 15

A key QCD tool: jets

11

q q

meanwhile the same happened on the other side

slide-16
SLIDE 16

A key QCD tool: jets

12

q q

then a non-perturbative transition occurs

slide-17
SLIDE 17

A key QCD tool: jets

13

q q π, K, p, ...

giving a pattern of hadrons that “remembers” the gluon branching
 (hadrons mostly produced at small angles wrt qqbar directions — two “jets”)

slide-18
SLIDE 18

The tools used by ATLAS & CMS

14 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Papers commonly cited by ATLAS and CMS (since 2017)

as of 2019-02-13, excluding self-citations; all papers > 0.2 Plot by GP Salam based on data from InspireHEP fraction of ATLAS & CMS papers that cite them GEANT4 Anti-kt jet alg. MG5aMCatNLO FastJet Manual POWHEG Box NNPDF30 PDFs Pythia 8.1 CL(s) technique (A.Read) POWHEG (2007) Likelihood tests for new physics POWHEG (2004) Pythia 6.4 MC Pythia 8.2 CT10 PDFs Sherpa 1.1 CL(s) technique (T.Junk) NNPDF23 PDFs top++ CTEQ6 PDFs MSTW2008 PDFs PDF4LHC-RunII Herwig++ MC Review of Particle Physics POWHEG single-top (2010) FxFx EvtGen (2001)
slide-19
SLIDE 19

The tools used by ATLAS & CMS

15 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

Papers commonly cited by ATLAS and CMS (since 2017)

as of 2019-02-13, excluding self-citations; all papers > 0.2 Plot by GP Salam based on data from InspireHEP fraction of ATLAS & CMS papers that cite them GEANT4 Anti-kt jet alg. MG5aMCatNLO FastJet Manual POWHEG Box NNPDF30 PDFs Pythia 8.1 CL(s) technique (A.Read) POWHEG (2007) Likelihood tests for new physics POWHEG (2004) Pythia 6.4 MC Pythia 8.2 CT10 PDFs Sherpa 1.1 CL(s) technique (T.Junk) NNPDF23 PDFs top++ CTEQ6 PDFs MSTW2008 PDFs PDF4LHC-RunII Herwig++ MC Review of Particle Physics POWHEG single-top (2010) FxFx EvtGen (2001)

Jets ̶ 2nd most widely used 
 single tool after Geant

slide-20
SLIDE 20 16

a pp collision that produces a high pt 
 top-antitop pair, 
 resulting in 
 two “top-jets”, 
 each with subjets 
 Such events probe point-like nature of top quarks to TeV scale & allow you to search for new ttbar resonances

slide-21
SLIDE 21

q q

Jet 1 Jet 2

Parton energy loss leads to jet suppression Energy deposition leads to medium excitation

17

from X-N. Wang

PbPb

slide-22
SLIDE 22

jet substructure for pp

18
slide-23
SLIDE 23

what should a jet definition achieve?

19

jet 1 jet 2 LO partons Jet Def n jet 1 jet 2 Jet Def n NLO partons jet 1 jet 2 Jet Def n parton shower jet 1 jet 2 Jet Def n hadron level π π K p φ

projection to jets should be resilient to QCD effects

slide-24
SLIDE 24

Jet substructure for boosted hadronc W/Z/H/t etc. decays

20

I At LHC energies, EW-scale particles (W/Z/t...) are often produced

with pt m, leading to collimated decays.

I Hadronic decay products are thus often reconstructed into single jets.

[Figure by G. Soyez]
slide-25
SLIDE 25

pp jet substructure field is full of activity

21 Jet Declustering Jet Shapes Matrix−Element Seymour93 YSplitter Mass−Drop+Filter JHTopTagger TW CMSTopTagger N−subjettiness (TvT) CoM N−subjettiness (Kim) N−jettiness HEPTopTagger (+ dipolarity) Trimming Pruning Planar Flow Twist ATLASTopTagger Templates Shower Deconstruction Qjets EEC Multi−variate tagger
  • c. 2012
slide-26
SLIDE 26

pp jet substructure field is full of activity

22 Jet Declustering Jet Shapes Matrix−Element Seymour93 YSplitter Mass−Drop+Filter JHTopTagger TW CMSTopTagger N−subjettiness (TvT) CoM N−subjettiness (Kim) N−jettiness HEPTopTagger (+ dipolarity) Trimming Pruning Planar Flow Twist ATLASTopTagger Templates Shower Deconstruction Qjets EEC Multi−variate tagger
  • c. 2018

machine learning 
 DNN, CNN, 
 RNN, LSTM, etc Cn, Dn, ven(β), Mn, Nn, Un, EFPs

Degree Connected Multigraphs d = 0 d = 1 d = 2 d = 3 d = 4 d = 5

modified mass drop
 soft drop
 iterated soft drop
 recursive soft drop

classification without labels
 weak supervision

etc.

I A convolutional neur network is trained using quark and gluon images I New jet features are with significantly impro tagging performance I In this work we use scale jet images encoding jet energy distribution
slide-27
SLIDE 27

Convolutional neural networks and jet images

23

I Project a jet onto a fixed n × n pixel image in rapidity-azimuth, where

each pixel intensity corresponds to the momentum of particles in that cell.

I Can be used as input for classification methods used in computer

vision, such as deep convolutional neural networks.

[Cogan, Kagan, Strauss, Schwartzman JHEP 1502 (2015) 118] [de Oliveira, Kagan, Mackey, Nachman, Schwartzman JHEP 1607 (2016) 069] Frédéric Dreyer 11/42
slide-28
SLIDE 28

Recurrent neural network on clustering trees

24

I Train a recurrent neural network on successive declusterings of a jet. I Techniques inspired from Natural Language Processing with powerful

applications in handwriting and speech recognition.

[Louppe, Cho, Becot, Cranmer 1702.00748]
slide-29
SLIDE 29

using full event information: jet substructure for W tagging

25

QCD rejection with
 just jet mass
 (SD/mMDT) QCD rejection with use


  • f full jet 


substructure 5–10x better

slide-30
SLIDE 30

jet substructure for HI collisions

26
slide-31
SLIDE 31

Jet structure observables

27

fragmentation 
 function

D(z) = * X

i∈jet

δ(z − pti/pt,jet) +

jets
slide-32
SLIDE 32

Jet structure observables

27

fragmentation 
 function

D(z) = * X

i∈jet

δ(z − pti/pt,jet) +

jets

ρ(r) = 1 pjet

X

k with ∆RkJ∈[r,r+δr]

p(k)

⊥ ,

differential
 jet shape

slide-33
SLIDE 33

Jet structure observables

27

fragmentation 
 function

D(z) = * X

i∈jet

δ(z − pti/pt,jet) +

jets

ρ(r) = 1 pjet

X

k with ∆RkJ∈[r,r+δr]

p(k)

⊥ ,

differential
 jet shape

g = 1 pjet

X

k∈J

p(k)

⊥ ∆RkJ ,

girth ≡ broadening

slide-34
SLIDE 34

Jet structure observables

27

fragmentation 
 function

D(z) = * X

i∈jet

δ(z − pti/pt,jet) +

jets

ρ(r) = 1 pjet

X

k with ∆RkJ∈[r,r+δr]

p(k)

⊥ ,

differential
 jet shape

g = 1 pjet

X

k∈J

p(k)

⊥ ∆RkJ ,

girth ≡ broadening jet mass, groomed 
 & ungroomed

m2 = X

i∈(sub)jet

i

!2

slide-35
SLIDE 35

Jet structure observables

27

fragmentation 
 function

D(z) = * X

i∈jet

δ(z − pti/pt,jet) +

jets

ρ(r) = 1 pjet

X

k with ∆RkJ∈[r,r+δr]

p(k)

⊥ ,

differential
 jet shape

g = 1 pjet

X

k∈J

p(k)

⊥ ∆RkJ ,

girth ≡ broadening jet mass, groomed 
 & ungroomed

m2 = X

i∈(sub)jet

i

!2

zg = min(p⊥,1, p⊥,2) p⊥,1 + p⊥,2 > zcut ✓∆R1,2 RJ ◆β

zg, ΔR12

ΔR 1 2
slide-36
SLIDE 36

medium mach-cones

➤ Tachibana, Chang & Qin, 


1701.07951, 12fm/c

28

τ 12 fm/c e GeV/fm3

  • x fm
  • y fm
  • τ 12 fm/c

Δe GeV/fm3

  • x fm
  • y fm
  • pjet
T,1> 120 GeV/c pjet T,2> 50 GeV/c Δφ1,2> 5π/6 2.76 TeV R= 0.3 ^ qq,0= 1.7 GeV2/fm ωcut = 1.0 GeV/c pT trk, hyd > 0.5 GeV/c

ρ(r)

r

PYTHIA 0-30 %

ρ(r)

slide-37
SLIDE 37

JEWEL v. data

➤ arXiv:1707.01539, by Milhano,

Wiedemann and Zapp with medium response

29 g CMS Data with medium response without medium response anti-k⊥ R=0.4 jets 140 GeV < pjet ⊥ < 160 GeV SoftDrop zcut = 0.1; β = 0; ∆R12 > 0.1 0.5 1 1.5 2 JEWEL+PYTHIA Pb+Pb (0 − 10 %) √sNN = 5.02 TeV PbPb/pp 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 zg MC/Data ΔR 1 2

SD zg

ALICE data w/ Recoils, 4MomSub w/o Recoils anti-k⊥ R = 0.4 jets

|ηjet| < 0.5

100 < pch-jet

< 120 GeV

5 10 15 20 25 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 JEWEL+PYTHIA Pb+Pb (0 − 10%) (2.76 TeV) charged jet mass Mch-jet [GeV]

(1/Njets) d N/d Mch-jet

mass

slide-38
SLIDE 38

recurrent theme in heavy-ion calculations: 2d phasespace plots

30 θc θqq c ω E ω θ ω θ = Λ 1 2 (ω,θ) ω θ 3 4=2q
  • utside
medium medium inside VETOED ωθ2L=2 θ1 θ2 θ ω1 ω2 ω
  • FIG. 1. Schematic representation of the phase-space available
for VLEs, including an example of a cascade with “1” the last emission inside the medium and “2” the first emission outside.

P . Caucal, E. Iancu, 
 A.H. Mueller, G. Soyez

ln pT/ωc ln pTR/Qs ln pTR4/3 ˆ q1/3 ln pTR2L

ln 1/R ln 1/θc ln 1/θL

ln 1/z ln 1/θ

tf > L

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tf < L

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QW paradig ~50% of t Blue region corr unresolved spl

Casalderrey, Milhano,

At high-pT, ma can be resolved

“new” source of Casald M

Mehtar-Tani & Tywoniuk@QM18

1/2 1 x k⊥ θ = R θ = ∆ x = zcut x = 1 − zcut x 1 − x θ x, k⊥ k⊥ = ω tan θ 2 x(1 − x) ω

Yang-Ting Chiena,b and Ivan Viteva

slide-39
SLIDE 39

recurrent theme in heavy-ion calculations: 2d phasespace plots

30 θc θqq c ω E ω θ ω θ = Λ 1 2 (ω,θ) ω θ 3 4=2q
  • utside
medium medium inside VETOED ωθ2L=2 θ1 θ2 θ ω1 ω2 ω
  • FIG. 1. Schematic representation of the phase-space available
for VLEs, including an example of a cascade with “1” the last emission inside the medium and “2” the first emission outside.

P . Caucal, E. Iancu, 
 A.H. Mueller, G. Soyez

ln pT/ωc ln pTR/Qs ln pTR4/3 ˆ q1/3 ln pTR2L

ln 1/R ln 1/θc ln 1/θL

ln 1/z ln 1/θ

tf > L

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tf < L

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QW paradig ~50% of t Blue region corr unresolved spl

Casalderrey, Milhano,

At high-pT, ma can be resolved

“new” source of Casald M

Mehtar-Tani & Tywoniuk@QM18

1/2 1 x k⊥ θ = R θ = ∆ x = zcut x = 1 − zcut x 1 − x θ x, k⊥ k⊥ = ω tan θ 2 x(1 − x) ω

Yang-Ting Chiena,b and Ivan Viteva

Can we design observables to directly probe the 2d phasespace?

slide-40
SLIDE 40

the “Lund plane”

can we construct observables that are (a) more transparent in terms of the physical info they extract? (b) close to optimal for multivariate techniques & machine-learning?

31
slide-41
SLIDE 41

the Cambridge / Aachen (C/A) jet algorithm

  • 1. Identify pair of particles, i & j, with smallest ΔRij
  • 2. If ΔRij < R (jet radius parameter)
  • A. recombine i & j into a single particle
  • B. loop back to step 1
  • 3. Otherwise, stop the clustering
32

Cambridge/Aachen

pt/GeV 50 40 20 1 2 3 4 y 30 10

Dokshitzer, Leder, Moretti & Webber ’97
 Wobisch & Wengler ‘98

slide-42
SLIDE 42

Cambridge/Aachen

pt/GeV 50 40 20 1 2 3 4 y 30 10

A sequence of jet substructure tools taggers

➤ 1993: kt declustering for boosted W’s: [Seymour] ➤ 2002: Y-Splitter (kt declustering with a cut) [Butterworth.

Cox, Forshaw]

➤ 2008: Mass-Drop Tagger (C/A declustering with a kt/m cut)

[Butterworth, Davison, Rubin, GPS]

➤ 2013: Soft Drop, β=0 [Dasgupta, Fregoso, Marzani, GPS] ➤ 2014: Soft Drop, β≠0 [Larkoski, Marzani, Soyez, Thaler]


33
  • 1. Undo last clustering of C/A jet into subjets 1, 2
  • 2. Stop if
  • 3. Else discard softer branch, repeat step 1 with harder branch

z = min(pt1, pt2) pt1 + pt2 ✓∆R12 R ◆β > zcut

slide-43
SLIDE 43

Cambridge/Aachen

pt/GeV 50 40 20 1 2 3 4 y 30 10

A sequence of jet substructure tools taggers

➤ 1993: kt declustering for boosted W’s: [Seymour] ➤ 2002: Y-Splitter (kt declustering with a cut) [Butterworth.

Cox, Forshaw]

➤ 2008: Mass-Drop Tagger (C/A declustering with a kt/m cut)

[Butterworth, Davison, Rubin, GPS]

➤ 2013: Soft Drop, β=0 [Dasgupta, Fregoso, Marzani, GPS] ➤ 2014: Soft Drop, β≠0 [Larkoski, Marzani, Soyez, Thaler] ➤ 2017: Iterated Soft Drop [Frye, Larkoski, Thaler, Zhou]


count number of iterations until you reach 1 particle

➤ 2018/19: ?

34
slide-44
SLIDE 44

Phase space: two key variables (+ azimuth)

35

ΔR (or just Δ) kt = ptΔ

Δ Δ

pt

Δ

  • pening angle of a splitting

pt (or p⊥) is transverse momentum wrt beam kt is ~ transverse momentum wrt jet axis

slide-45
SLIDE 45

The Lund Plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

36

Introduced for understanding Parton Shower Monte Carlos by


  • B. Andersson,G. Gustafson L. Lonnblad and Pettersson 1989

logarithmic kinematic plane whose two variables are


∆Rij kt = min(pti, ptj)∆Rij

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-46
SLIDE 46

The Lund Plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

37

logarithmic kinematic plane whose two variables are


∆Rij kt = min(pti, ptj)∆Rij

Introduced for understanding Parton Shower Monte Carlos by

  • B. Andersson,G. Gustafson L. Lonnblad and Pettersson 1989

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-47
SLIDE 47

The Lund Plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

38

logarithmic kinematic plane whose two variables are


∆Rij kt = min(pti, ptj)∆Rij

Introduced for understanding Parton Shower Monte Carlos by

  • B. Andersson,G. Gustafson L. Lonnblad and Pettersson 1989

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-48
SLIDE 48

The Lund Plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

39

logarithmic kinematic plane whose two variables are


∆Rij kt = min(pti, ptj)∆Rij

Introduced for understanding Parton Shower Monte Carlos by

  • B. Andersson,G. Gustafson L. Lonnblad and Pettersson 1989

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-49
SLIDE 49

The Lund Plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

40

logarithmic kinematic plane whose two variables are


∆Rij kt = min(pti, ptj)∆Rij

Introduced for understanding Parton Shower Monte Carlos by

  • B. Andersson,G. Gustafson L. Lonnblad and Pettersson 1989

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-50
SLIDE 50

The Lund Plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

41

logarithmic kinematic plane whose two variables are


∆Rij kt = min(pti, ptj)∆Rij

Introduced for understanding Parton Shower Monte Carlos by

  • B. Andersson,G. Gustafson L. Lonnblad and Pettersson 1989

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-51
SLIDE 51

The Lund Plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

42

logarithmic kinematic plane whose two variables are


∆Rij kt = min(pti, ptj)∆Rij

Introduced for understanding Parton Shower Monte Carlos by

  • B. Andersson,G. Gustafson L. Lonnblad and Pettersson 1989

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-52
SLIDE 52

The Lund Plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

43

logarithmic kinematic plane whose two variables are


∆Rij kt = min(pti, ptj)∆Rij

Introduced for understanding Parton Shower Monte Carlos by

  • B. Andersson,G. Gustafson L. Lonnblad and Pettersson 1989

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-53
SLIDE 53

The Lund Plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

44

logarithmic kinematic plane whose two variables are


∆Rij kt = min(pti, ptj)∆Rij

Introduced for understanding Parton Shower Monte Carlos by

  • B. Andersson,G. Gustafson L. Lonnblad and Pettersson 1989

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-54
SLIDE 54

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

45

constructing the Lund plane

decluster a C/A jet:
 at each step record ΔR,kt
 as a point in the Lund plane repeatedly follow harder branch

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

slide-55
SLIDE 55

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

46

constructing the Lund plane

decluster a C/A jet:
 at each step record ΔR,kt
 as a point in the Lund plane repeatedly follow harder branch

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-56
SLIDE 56

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

47

constructing the Lund plane

decluster a C/A jet:
 at each step record ΔR,kt
 as a point in the Lund plane repeatedly follow harder branch

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-57
SLIDE 57

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

48

constructing the Lund plane

decluster a C/A jet:
 at each step record ΔR,kt
 as a point in the Lund plane repeatedly follow harder branch

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-58
SLIDE 58

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

49

constructing the Lund plane

decluster a C/A jet:
 at each step record ΔR,kt
 as a point in the Lund plane repeatedly follow harder branch

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-59
SLIDE 59

constructing the Lund plane

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

50

decluster a C/A jet:
 at each step record ΔR,kt
 as a point in the Lund plane repeatedly follow harder branch

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-60
SLIDE 60

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

51

constructing the Lund plane

decluster a C/A jet:
 at each step record ΔR,kt
 as a point in the Lund plane repeatedly follow harder branch

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-61
SLIDE 61 52 ln k (c) ln k t ln k t LUND DIAGRAM PRIMARY LUND PLANE JET (b) (a) (b) (a) (c) t t ln k (c) ln 1/∆ ln 1/∆ ln 1/∆ ln 1/∆ (b) (c) (b) (b) (b) (c)
slide-62
SLIDE 62

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

53

average over many jets:
 Lund plane density

⟨ ⟩

constructing the Lund plane

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-63
SLIDE 63

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

54

average over many jets:
 Lund plane density

⟨ ⟩

constructing the Lund plane

non-perturbative region

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-64
SLIDE 64

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 tf ~ 0.1 fm/c tf ~ 1.0 fm/c tf ~ 5.0 fm/c kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

55

average over many jets:
 Lund plane density

⟨ ⟩

constructing the Lund plane

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-65
SLIDE 65

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 k

t 2

=

ˆ

q t

f

(

ˆ

q = 2 G e V

2

/ f m ) kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

56

average over many jets:
 Lund plane density

⟨ ⟩

constructing the Lund plane

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV

5th heavy-ion workshop @ CERN, 1808.03689
 Dreyer, Soyez & GPS, 1807.04758 (for pp applications)
slide-66
SLIDE 66

application to pp QCD studies

57
slide-67
SLIDE 67

average pp Lund density: parton level

58
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Pythia8.2330(M13), parton level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Herwig7.1.1, parton level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Pythia (8.233, Monash13) Herwig (7.1.1)

pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV

slide-68
SLIDE 68

average pp Lund density: hadron level (no underlying event / MPI)

59
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Pythia8.2330(M13), hadron level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Herwig7.1.1, hadron level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Pythia (8.233, Monash13) Herwig (7.1.1)

pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV

slide-69
SLIDE 69

average pp Lund density: hadron level (with underlying event / MPI)

60
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Pythia8.2330(M13), phadronUE level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Herwig7.1.1, hadron+UE level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Pythia (8.233, Monash13) Herwig (7.1.1)

pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV

slide-70
SLIDE 70

average pp Lund density: cross sections

61
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Pythia8.2330(M13), phadronUE level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Pythia (8.233, Monash13)

pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV

ρ(Δ,kt) ρ(Δ,kt) Δ ρ Δ ρ Δ Δ 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.01 0.1 1 9.0 < kt < 11.0 GeV ρ Δ Pythia8.230 (Monash13) Herwig7.1.1 (default) Sherpa2.2.4 (default) 0.25 ρ Δ Δ 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.01 0.1 1 ρ Δ 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.01 0.1 1 hadron+MPI 44.7 < kt < 54.6 GeV pt > 2 TeV ρ Δ Δ

slide-71
SLIDE 71

average pp Lund density: cross sections

61
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Pythia8.2330(M13), phadronUE level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Pythia (8.233, Monash13)

pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV

ρ(Δ,kt) ρ(Δ,kt) Δ ρ Δ ρ Δ Δ 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.01 0.1 1 9.0 < kt < 11.0 GeV ρ Δ Pythia8.230 (Monash13) Herwig7.1.1 (default) Sherpa2.2.4 (default) 0.25 ρ Δ Δ 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.01 0.1 1 ρ Δ 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.01 0.1 1 hadron+MPI 44.7 < kt < 54.6 GeV pt > 2 TeV ρ Δ Δ

15 ‒ 30% differences between generators
 Pythia/Sherpa agree best, but no two generators agree everywhere
 Data would be valuable input for calibrating / validating generators

slide-72
SLIDE 72

analytic perturbative QCD control

62

To leading order in perturbative QCD and for ∆ ⌧ 1, one expects for a quark initiated jet

ρ ' αs(kt)CF π ¯ z pgq(¯ z) + pgq(1 ¯ z) , ¯ z ⇤ kt pt,jet∆

ln kt/GeV ln 1/Δ12 LO analytic / MC
  • 2
2 4 6 8 1 2 3 4 5 0.3 0.5 2 3 1

I Lund plane can be calculated

analytically.

I Calculation is systematically

improvable.

slide-73
SLIDE 73

application to HI collisions

63
slide-74
SLIDE 74

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

64

soft drop β=0 region

) R ∆ 1 ln( 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ) R ∆ z ln( 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 − 2 0.1 − 0.05 − 0.05 0.1 ALICE Preliminary (Data - Embedded) TeV = 2.76 NN s PbPb - PYTHIA Embedded = 0.4 R T k , anti- c < 120 GeV/ ch,rec T,jet p 80 < = 0 β = 0.1, cut z SoftDrop Cambridge-Aachen Reclustering 1st SD Splitting

Splittings map for difference of data and embedded PYTHIA Su Suppression En Enhancement Col Collinear La Large angle

jet with R= 0.4, pt = 200 GeV This is not the average density, but the density of the 1st soft-drop splitting

slide-75
SLIDE 75

HI MC studies

65 ) θ ln(1/ 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ) θ ln(z 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 − 2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Cambridge-Aachen Declustering = 0.4 R T k , anti- c > 130 GeV/ T,jet p QPYTHIA ) θ ln(1/ 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ) θ ln(z 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 − 2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Cambridge-Aachen Declustering = 0.4 R T k , anti- c > 130 GeV/ T,jet p wo/recoil JEWEL ) θ ln(1/ 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ) θ ln(z 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 − 2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 Cambridge-Aachen Declustering = 0.4 R T k , anti- c > 130 GeV/ T,jet p w/recoil JEWEL ) θ ln(1/ 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ) θ ln(z 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 − 2 0.1 − 0.05 − 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Cambridge-Aachen Declustering = 0.4 R T k , anti- c > 130 GeV/ T,jet p (med-vac) QPYTHIA ) θ ln(1/ 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ) θ ln(z 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 − 2 0.1 − 0.05 − 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Cambridge-Aachen Declustering = 0.4 R T k , anti- c > 130 GeV/ T,jet p wo/recoil (med - vac) JEWEL ) θ ln(1/ 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 ) θ ln(z 10 − 8 − 6 − 4 − 2 − 2 0.1 − 0.05 − 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 Cambridge-Aachen Declustering = 0.4 R T k , anti- c > 130 GeV/ T,jet p w/recoil (med - vac) JEWEL Figure 4: Lund diagram reconstructed from jets generated by QPYTHIA (left column), JEWEL without recoils (middle column) and JEWEL with recoils (right column). The lower panels correspond to the difference of the radiation pattern with and without jet quenching effects. Note that the scale of the z-axes varies between the panels.

Andrews et al, 1808.03689

➤ clear potential for

distinguishing between models, with clear physical picture of where the differences arise

slide-76
SLIDE 76

application to high-pt physics

e.g. new-physics searches and Higgs studies

66
slide-77
SLIDE 77

Comparing quark/gluon v. W-induced jets

67
slide-78
SLIDE 78

1 2 5 10 20 40 0.01 0.02 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.4 kt = pt ΔR [GeV] ΔR

68

Beyond average density:
 any jet is a collection of points
 in the (primary) Lund plane

slide-79
SLIDE 79

Lund declustering points as inputs to machine-learning

69

I Simple recurrent networks unable to handle dependencies that are

widely separated in the data.

I LSTM networks designed to have memory over longer periods, by

adding four layers for each module and including a no-activation function.

[Hochreiter, Schmidhuber (1997)]

Figures from http://colah.github.io/posts/2015-08-Understanding-LSTMs/

long-short-term memory networks (LSTMs) 
 gave us the best performance

slide-80
SLIDE 80

Lund declustering points as inputs to hand-crafted likelihood calculation

➤ Identify emission that generates the jet mass (with

Soft-Drop)

➤ Assume all other emissions are independent of each

  • ther, i.e. random distribution just set by average

density

➤ Get MC ratio of average densities for W (Signal≡S) v.

QCD (background ≡ B) jets

➤ Build likelihood discriminator

70

Ltot = L`(m(`), z(`)) + X

i6=`

Ln`(∆(i), k(i)

t ; ∆(`)) + N(∆(`))

Ln`(∆, kt; ∆(`)) = ln ⇣ ⇢(n`)

S

  • ⇢(n`)

B

⇢(n`)

X (∆, kt; ∆(`)) =

dn(n`)

emission,X

d ln kt d ln 1 /∆ d ln ∆(`)

  • dNX

d ln ∆(`)

slide-81
SLIDE 81

Performance: 
 background rejection v. signal efficiency

71

ciencies.

signal efficiency background rejection

Lund + machine-learning (LSTM) Lund + likelihood
 (gets to within 70-80% of performance of best machine learning)

slide-82
SLIDE 82 5 10 15 20 2 4 6 8 10 εW=0.4 pt>2 TeV Pythia8(Monash13), C/A(R=1) no ln kt cut ln kt cut = -1 ln kt cut = 0 performance resilience performance v. resilience [full mass information] LH 2017+BDT LH 2017+BDT optimal D2 [loose]+BDT Lund+likelihood Lund-LSTM

Performance: 
 S/√B v. resilience to non-perturbative QCD

72

resilience to non-perturbatitve effects S/√B

Lund + machine-learning (LSTM) Lund + likelihood
 performs better than machine learning when you exclude non- perturbative region (kt < 1 GeV(

⇣ = ∆✏2 W h✏i2 W + ∆✏2 QCD h✏i2 QCD ! 1 2
slide-83
SLIDE 83

closing

73
slide-84
SLIDE 84

Conclusions

74

The QCD radiation in collider events (pp & HI) is a rich source of information, which we’re only just starting to tap into. The difficulty is that there’s a lot of it: how do we condense it down to something we can understand, measure & exploit quantitatively? The Lund plane “construction” offers an approach that

➤ maps transparently onto physically meaningful kinematic regions ➤ is amenable to calculations in QCD (work in progress) ➤ provides a powerful input to machine learning, but also can be used almost as

effectively in simpler multivariate frameworks.

slide-85
SLIDE 85

backup

75
slide-86
SLIDE 86

Initial–final symmetry

76
slide-87
SLIDE 87

choice of C/A for declustering

77
slide-88
SLIDE 88

why the C/A algorithm?

78

2 kt C/A 2 1 q 1 q

(a)

t

2 1 C/A q 2 anti−k 1 q

(b)

slide-89
SLIDE 89

why the C/A algorithm?

79 Figure 6: The ρ(∆, kt) results as obtained with kt (left) and anti-kt (right) declustering, normalised to the result for C/A declustering.

If you use jet algorithms other than C/A to provide the initial (de)clustering sequence, the jet algorithm itself introduces strong “unphysical” structure

slide-90
SLIDE 90

why the C/A algorithm?

80
  • 1000
  • 800
  • 600
  • 400
  • 200
200 400 600 800 ρ _ 2 Lund plane at O(αs 2) - kt kt h22 (kt) L2 200 400 600 800 1000
  • 14 -12 -10
  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2
2<log(1/Δ)<2.5 2<log(1/Δ)<2.5 ρ _ 2 - h22 L2 log(κ) (a) 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 ρ _ 2 Lund plane at O(αs 2) - anti-kt anti-kt h22 (anti-kt) L2 50 100 150 200 250
  • 8
  • 7
  • 6
  • 5
  • 4
  • 3
  • 2
  • 1
2<log(1/Δ)<2.5 2<log(1/Δ)<2.5 ρ _ 2 - h22 L2 log(κ) (b) 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 ρ _ 2 Lund plane at O(αs 2) - C/A C/A ρ _ 2,rc (C/A) 50 100 150 200
  • 14 -12 -10
  • 8
  • 6
  • 4
  • 2
2<log(1/Δ)<2.5 2<log(1/Δ)<2.5 ρ _ 2 - ρ _ 2,rc log(κ) (c) Figure 5: Evaluations with Event2 of the second-order contribution to the Lund plane, in a bin of ln 1/∆, as a function of κ, for (de)clustering sequences obtained with the kt, anti-kt and C/A jet algorithms. In (a) and (b) the dashed line corresponds to the analytic expectations, Eqs. (2.9) and (2.10) for clustering-induced double-logarithms in the kt and anti-kt algorithms. In (c), for the C/A algorithm, which is seen here to be free of double logarithms, the dot-dashed line corresponds to the (single-logarithmic) running coupling correction, Eq. (2.11), illustrating that it dominates the second-order correction.

mathematically,
 the unphysical structure is driven by double logarithms, (αL2)n in the Lund-plane density. C/A only produces at most single logarithms, (αL)n

slide-91
SLIDE 91

choice of original jet alg.

81
slide-92
SLIDE 92

the declustering sequence from C/A v. anti-kt starting points

82
slide-93
SLIDE 93

consequence for Lund plane density

83
slide-94
SLIDE 94

detector effects

84
slide-95
SLIDE 95

Detector effects: with Delphes simulation (+ particle flow)

85

I Detector effects have significant impact on the Lund plane at angular

scales below the hadronic calorimeter spacing.

I Two enhanced regions corresponding to resolution scale of HCal and

ECal.

artefacts
 induced
 by ECal
 & HCal
 granularity

detector detector/particle

slide-96
SLIDE 96

subjet-particle rescaling algorithm (SPRA)

86

Mitigate impact of detector granularity using a subjet particle rescaling algorithm:

I Recluster Delphes particle-flow objects into subjets using C/A with

Rh ⇤ 0.12.

I Taking each subjet in turn, scale each PF charged-particle (h±) and

photon (γ) candidate that it contains by a factor f1

f1 ⇤

Õ

i∈subjet pt,i

Õ

i∈subjet(h±,γ) pt,i

,

and discard the other neutral hadron candidates.

I If subjet doesn’t contain photon or charged-particle candidates, retain

all of the subjet’s particles with their original momenta. Recluster the full set of resulting particles (from all subjets) into a single large jet and use it to evaluate the mass and Lund plane.

[82] A. Katz, M. Son, and B. Tweedie, Jet Substructure and the Search for Neutral Spin-One Resonances in Electroweak Boson Channels, JHEP 03 (2011) 011, [arXiv:1010.5253]. [83] M. Son, C. Spethmann, and B. Tweedie, Diboson-Jets and the Search for Resonant Zh Production, JHEP 08 (2012) 160, [arXiv:1204.0525]. [84] S. Schaetzel and M. Spannowsky, Tagging highly boosted top quarks, Phys. Rev. D89 (2014), no. 1 014007, [arXiv:1308.0540]. [85] A. J. Larkoski, F. Maltoni, and M. Selvaggi, Tracking down hyper-boosted top quarks, JHEP 06 (2015) 032, [arXiv:1503.03347]. [86] S. Bressler, T. Flacke, Y. Kats, S. J. Lee, and G. Perez, Hadronic Calorimeter Shower Size: Challenges and Opportunities for Jet Substructure in the Superboosted Regime, Phys. Lett. B756 (2016) 137–141, [arXiv:1506.02656]. [87] Z. Han, M. Son, and B. Tweedie, Top-Tagging at the Energy Frontier, Phys. Rev. D97 (2018), no. 3 036023, [arXiv:1707.06741]. [88] CMS Collaboration, C. Collaboration, V Tagging Observables and Correlations, . [89] ATLAS Collaboration, T. A. collaboration, Jet mass reconstruction with the ATLAS Detector in early Run 2 data, .

not a new idea!

slide-97
SLIDE 97

subjet-particle rescaling algorithm (SPRA)

87

0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.01 0.1 1 9.0 < kt < 11.0 GeV ρ(Δ,kt) truth Delphes PF Delphes PF + SPRA1 Delphes PF + SPRA2 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.02 0.2 0.5 0.01 0.1 1 44.7 < kt < 54.6 GeV pt > 2 TeV ρ(Δ,kt) Δ

slide-98
SLIDE 98

Pythia v. Sherpa

88
slide-99
SLIDE 99

average pp Lund density: parton level

89
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Pythia8.2330(M13), parton level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Sherpa2.2.4, parton level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Pythia (8.233,M13) Sherpa 2.2.4

pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV

slide-100
SLIDE 100

average pp Lund density: hadron level (no underlying event / MPI)

90
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Pythia8.2330(M13), hadron level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Sherpa2.2.4, hadron level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Pythia (8.233,M13) Sherpa 2.2.4

pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV

slide-101
SLIDE 101

average pp Lund density: hadron level (with underlying event / MPI)

91
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Pythia8.2330(M13), phadronUE level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
  • 2
2 4 6 1 2 3 4 5 log(kt [GeV]) log(1/ΔR) Sherpa2.2.4, hadron+UE level 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

Pythia (8.233,M13) Sherpa 2.2.4

pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV pp 14 TeV 
 C/A, R=1 
 pt,jet > 2 TeV