The PXD Whitebook Carsten Niebuhr Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, - - PDF document

The PXD Whitebook

Carsten Niebuhr Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany Ivan Vila ICFA Santander, Spain Marca Boronat, Daniel Esperante, Juan Fuster, Carlos Lacasta, Marcel Vos IFIC Valencia, Spain Andrzej Bozek, Pjotr Kapusta, Bartlomiej Kisielewski Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Science, Krakow,Poland Jie Huang, Dapeng Jin, Zhen’An Liu, Chunjie Wang, Ke Wang, Hao Xu, Jingzhou Zhao IHEP Beijing, China Tobias Barvich, Oksana Brovchenko, Stefan Heindl, Martin Heck, Thomas Müller, Christian Pulvermacher, Hans Jürgen Simonis, Thomas Weiler KIT Karlsruhe, Germany Mainz, Germany Tobias Krauser, Oliver Lipsky, Stefan Rummel, Jochen Schieck Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany Karlheinz Ackermann, Christian Kiesling, Luigi Li Gioi, Andreas Moll, Hans-Günther Moser, Felix Müller, Frank Simon, Max-Planck-Insitute for Physics, Munich, Germany Laci Andricek, Christian Koffmane, Jelena Ninkovic, Rainer Richter Halbleiterlabor der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Munich, Germany Daniel Greenwald, Bernhard Ketzer, Igor Konorov, Dmytro Levit, Stephan Paul, Johannes Rauch, Boris Zhuravlev Technical University of Munich, Germany Oscar Alonso, Raimon Casanova, Angel Dieguez, Andreu Montiel, Eva Vilella University of Barcelona, Spain Jochen Dingfelder, Tomasz Hemperek, Ichi Kishishita, Tobias Kleinohl, Manuel Koch, Hans Krüger, Mikhail Lemarenko, Florian Lütticke, Carlos Mariñas, Michael Schnell, Norbert Wermes University of Bonn, Germany Thomas Gessler, Wolfgang Kühn, Sören Lange, David Münchow, Björn Spruck University of Giessen, Germany Ariane Frey, Christian Geisler, Benjamin Schwenker University of Göttingen, Germany Peter Fischer, Christian Kreidl, Ivan Peric, Michael Ritzert University of Heidelberg, Germany Zdenek Dolezal, Zbynek Drasal, Peter Kodys, Peter Kvasnicka, Jan Scheirich Charles University of Prague, Czech Republik edited by C. Kiesling, & H.-G. Moser 1

Version 2, September 2016 2

Contents

1 Introduction 5

Hans-Günther Moser

2 System Overview 6

Christian Kiesling

2.1 Belle II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.2 Specifications for the PXD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.3 Technology Choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.4 Geometrical Layout of the PXD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.5 Sensor Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.6 Module Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.7 Data Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.8 Periphery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3 Description of Components 7

Rainer Richter Hans Krüger Laci Andricek Stefan Rummel Christian Kiesling Hans-Güther Moser Sören Lange Igor Konorov

3.1 The DEPFET Pixel Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.1 DEPFET principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.2 Sensor Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.1.3 Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2 Readout Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2.1 Switcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2.2 DCD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.2.3 DHE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.3 Module Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.4 Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 3.5 Mechanical Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.6 Cooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3.7 Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 Performance 12

Carlos Mariñas Benjamin Schwenker

5 Operation 13 3

Rainer Richter Hans Krüger Laci ANdricek Stefan Rummel Christian Kiesling Hans-Günther Moser Sören Lange, Igor Konorov

Michael Ritzert NN

5.1 Slow Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.2 Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 5.3 Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6 Assembly, Integration and Installation 14

Carsten Niebuhr NN

6.1 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.2 Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6.3 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 7 Conclusions 15

Christian Kiesling

8 Naming Conventions 16

Manfred Valentan

8.1 Naming Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Glossary 17 Acronyms 19 4

Chapter 1

Introduction

Hans-Günther Moser

This is the introduction 5

Chapter 2

System Overview

Christian Kiesling

2.1 Belle II

The Belle II detector [1] is

2.2 Specifications for the PXD 2.3 Technology Choice 2.4 Geometrical Layout of the PXD 2.5 Sensor Principle 2.6 Module Concept 2.7 Data Flow 2.8 Periphery

6

Chapter 3

Description of Components

Rainer Richter Hans Krüger Laci Andricek Stefan Rummel Christian Kiesling Hans-Güther Moser Sören Lange Igor Konorov

3.1 The DEPFET Pixel Sensor

3.1.1 DEPFET principle 3.1.2 Sensor Design 3.1.3 Properties

3.2 Readout Electronics

3.2.1 Switcher 3.2.2 DCD 3.2.3 DHE

3.3 Module Design

the module is.....

3.4 Services

Services are... 7

3.5 Mechanical Design

The ladders are mounted....

3.6 Cooling

The PXD is cooled with two phase CO2. The IBBelle cooling plant has been copied from the ATLAS IBL plant [2]. Slightly supercooled CO2 is to the detector. Inside the PXD cooling block or the SVD cooling pipes the CO2 partially evaporates absorbing the heat by the phase transition. The vapor/liquid mixture returns to the cooling unit where the vapor is liquified in a condensor. The condensor is a plate heat exchanger, its primary circuit is cooled with R404a supplied by a chiller. THe pressure of the CO2 vpor liquid mixture is regulated by the accumulator. This is a vessel (50 l) partially filled with liquid

• CO2. Using electrical heaters and a cooling spiral supplied with R404a from the chiller the temperature

and hence the saturation pressure can be regulated. Due to the wide diameter of the transfer pipes back from the detector to the accumulator the pressure drop in these pipes is negligible and the pressure in the evaporation tubes in the detector equals the accumulator pressure. Hence the boiling temperature in the detector can be regulated precisely with setting the accumulator pressure. On the contrary the tubes from the pumps to the detector are rather narrow, especially close to the detector. This causes a sizable pressure drop (10 bar) which keeps the CO2 in a supercooled liquid state before it reaches the

• detector. Fig. 3.2 shows the CO2 circuit inside IBBelle including accumulator, pumps and tubing needed

for servicing (e.g. filling with CO2). An internal bypass allows to operate the unit disconnected from the

• detector. This allows to adjust the CO2 temperature to the detector temperature before the circulation

is started avoiding thermal shocks. Also, the unit can be operated and commissioned without being connected to the external piping. Technical data of IBBelle are listed in table 3.1. Table 3.1: Technical data of IBBelle Temperature Range

• 35oC - +25oC

Cooling capacity at -30oC 3000 W CO2 flow 0 - 60 g/s Total electrical power 7 kW Electrical specifications 400V 3-phase Volume accumulator 52 l Volume IBBelle 55 l System volume (incl. transfer line and detector) 64 l

• max. CO2 filling

23 kg

• max. pressure

80 bar Content R404a 12 l Weight 2.3 t IBBelle is located in the B1 floor in a room next to Tsukuba hall. The CO2 is transfered too and from a Junction Box (JB) located close the Belle II via concentric foam insulated pipes of 32 m length. The supercooled liquid CO2 flows in the inner tube to the JB, the 2-phase CO2 returns to IBBelle in the

• uter tube. The JB serves to control pressure and temperature of the CO2 before it enters the detector.

Furthermore the CO2 flow can be disconnected from the detector for maintenance and commissioning. In that case an internal bypass with an electrical heater and a restricion valve can be used to emulate the

• detector. After the JB the CO2 piping is split into two branches serving the manifold boxes serving the

forward and backward parts of the detector. In the manifold boxes the CO2 flow is split into the different cooling branches (12 alltogether). From the manifold box each individual branch is served by 9 m long vaccuum insulated concentric flexible lines up to the dock boxes. From there the last 1.3 m (backward) 8

and 1.8 m (forward) to the detector are served with parallel, partially foam insulated (warm, dry volume)

• lines. On the backward side there are 8 branches:
• 1. upper half of PXD cooling block.
• 2. lower half of PXD cooling block.
• 3. left half of SVD endring.
• 4. right half of SVD endring.
• 5. SVD layer 4 and 5, left half.
• 6. SVD layer 4 and 5, right half
• 7. SVD layer 6, left half.
• 8. SVD layer 6, right half.

The forward side has 4 branches:

• 1. upper half of PXD cooling block.
• 2. lower half of PXD cooling block.
• 3. left half of SVD endring.
• 4. right half of SVD endring.

Details of the pipe dimensions can be found in table 3.2. Table 3.2: CO2 piping section geometry insulation lenght diameter diameter in return IBBelle - JB concentric foam 32 m 21.3 mm 7.5 mm JB - manifold parallel foam 4,2 m 7.9 mm 10.2 mm manifold-docks concentric vacuum 9 m 1,0 mm 3.0 mm docks - detector (warm, bkw) parallel

• 0.66 m

1.0 mm 2.0 mm docks - detector (warm, fwd) parallel

• 1.18 m

1.0 mm 2.0 mm docks - detector (cold, bkw) parallel

• 0.58 m

1.0 mm 2.0 mm docks - detector (cold, fwd) parallel

• 0.60 m

1.0 mm 2.0 mm Saftey regulations at KEK stipulate a maximum pressure of 80 bar at 35oC. This value is reached with a CO2 density of 420 kg/m3. If all CO2 is confined in the accumulator (52 l) this density is corresponds to 21.8 kg of CO2. This is still more than the 18 kg needed for proper operation of the unit. If the system volume of 64 l is considered, 28.8 kg of CO2 can be filled in the system. Four valves with a release pressure

• f 80 bar prevent any pressure rise above 80 bar. The valves operate in redundent pairs such that one

valve can be removed or tested while the other is still operational. In addition a software interlock stopps the liquid pump in case the static CO2 pressure (regulated by the accumulator) plus the pump pressure exceeds 80 bar.

3.7 Data Acquisition

The data acquisition.... 9

Figure 3.1: IBBelle at MPP before shipment 10

Figure 3.2: CO2 cooling circut 11

Chapter 4

Performance

Carlos Mariñas Benjamin Schwenker

the PXD has excellent ..... 12

Chapter 5

Operation

Michael Ritzert NN

5.1 Slow Control 5.2 Calibration 5.3 Alignment

13

Chapter 6

Assembly, Integration and Installation

Carsten Niebuhr NN

6.1 Assembly 6.2 Integration 6.3 Installation

14

Chapter 7

Conclusions

Christian Kiesling

In summary.... 15

Chapter 8

Naming Conventions

Manfred Valentan

8.1 Naming Conventions

The naming conventions go here... 16

Glossary

Some of the definitions shown here are excerpts from Wikipedia. baryon A baryon is a composite subatomic particle composed of three quarks. 17 boson A boson is a (not necessarily fundamental) particle with an integer spin quantum number. It

• beys the Bose-Einstein statistics but not the Pauli exclusion principle. So, two bosons with an

identical set of quantum numbers can occupy the same state in a system. All mediators of the fundamental interactions are bosons. 18 electromagnetic The electromagnetic interaction is the force that acts on electrically charged particles, allowing them to be accelerated and trapped in bound states. Thus, it is responsible for the interaction between the atomic nucleus and the electron cloud. It is mediated by the photon. 18 electron The electron (symbol: e−) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge. It is a lepton of the first generation of fundamental particles. 17, 18 fermion A fermion is a (not necessarily fundamental) particle with a half-integer spin quantum number. It obeys the Fermi-Dirac statistics and the Pauli exclusion principle, stating that no two fermions with an identical set of quantum numbers can occupy the same state in a system. All leptons and quarks are fermions. 18 flavour Flavour refers to the type of elementary particles (either quarks or leptons) occurring in the Standard Model. There are flavour quantum numbers which depend on the number of particles of particular flavours which occur in a hadron. In strong interactions, flavour is conserved. In the weak interaction, however, this symmetry is broken, and flavour changing processes exist, such as quark decay or neutrino oscillations. 17 generation In particle physics, a generation (or family) is a division of the elementary particles. Between generations, particles differ by their (flavour) quantum number and mass, but their interactions are

• identical. There are three generations according to the Standard Model of particle physics. Each

generation is divided into two leptons and two quarks. The two leptons may be classified into one with electric charge -1 (electron-like) and one neutral (neutrino); the two quarks may be classified into one with charge -1/3 (down-type) and one with charge +2/3 (up-type). Every particle has a corresponding anti-particle. 17, 18 gravitation Gravitation is the fourth fundamental interaction known today. It is the agent that gives weight to objects that have mass. Up to now it cannot be described with the same mathematical formalism as is used to describe the other three interactions. Therefore it could not yet be integrated into a consistent theory of all four interactions. Gravitation is described by the theory of general relativity, while the other interactions are described with quantum field theories. 18 hadron A hadron is a non-fundamental particle composed of quarks. Hadrons with three quarks are called baryons, hadrons with a quark and an anti-quark are called mesons. 18 17

lepton A lepton is an fundamental particle which is assumed to be pointlike. The leptons of the standard model are the electron e−, the muon µ−, the tau τ−, the corresponding neutrinos νe, νµ and ντ, as well as their anti-particles. A lepton does not undergo strong interactions, it interacts electromagnetically, weakly and gravitationally. λǫπτ´

• σ (greek): small, thin, tiny. 17, 18

meson A meson is a composite subatomic particle composed of one quark and one anti-quark. 17 muon The muon (symbol: µ−) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary charge. It is a lepton

• f the second generation of fundamental particles. 18

neutrino The neutrino (symbol: νe, νµ or ντ, depending on the particle generation) is an electrically neutral lepton, which only interacts by the weak interaction and by gravitation. Is is therefore extremely difficult to detect. 17, 18 neutron The neutron (symbol: n or n0) is a subatomic particle with no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen-1, nuclei of atoms consist

• f protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. In the modern

Standard Model of particle physics, the neutron is a hadron, composed of one up quark and two down quarks. 18 photon The photon γ is an elementary particle, the quantum of light and all other forms of electromag- netic radiation, and the mediator of the electromagnetic force, even when static via virtual photons. 17 proton The proton (symbol: p or p+) is a subatomic particle with one positive electric elementary

• charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom. In the modern Standard

Model of particle physics, the proton is a hadron, composed of two up quarks and one down quark. 18 quark A quark is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. The quarks of the first generation are called “up” and “down”, those

• f the second generation are called “charm” and “strange”, and those of the third generation are

called “top” and “bottom” (or “beauty”). 17, 18 Standard Model The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, which mediate the dynamics of the known subatomic parti-

• cles. Because of its success in explaining a wide variety of experimental results, the Standard Model

is sometimes regarded as a “theory of almost everything”. However, the Standard Model falls short

• f being a complete theory of fundamental interactions because it makes certain simplifying as-
• sumptions. It does not incorporate the full theory of gravitation as described by general relativity,
• r predict the accelerating expansion of the universe (as possibly described by dark energy). It also

does not correctly account for neutrino oscillations (and their non-zero masses). 19 strong The strong interaction (or strong force) is the force that binds protons and neutrons (nucleons) together to form the nucleus of an atom. It furthermore is the force (carried by gluons) that holds quarks together to form protons, neutrons and other hadrons. 17, 18 tau The tau particle (symbol: τ−) is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary charge. It is a lepton of the third generation of fundamental particles. 18 weak The weak interaction is responsible for the radioactive decay of subatomic particles and initiates the process known as hydrogen fusion in stars. Weak interactions affect all known fermions. It is mediated by the exchange of the Z, W+ and W− bosons. 17, 18 18

Acronyms

SM SM: Standard Model of particle physics. 17, 18 19

References

[1] Doležal,

• Z. and Uno,
• S. (editors) Belle II Technical design report,

KEK Report 2010-1 ( arXiv:1011.0352 [physics.ins-det]), arXiv (2010), URL http://arxiv.org/abs/1011.0352. 6 [2] Zwalinski, L. et al., CO2 cooling system for the Insertable B Layer detector into the ATLAS experi- ment, PoS, TIPP2014 (2014) 224. 8 20