TIMBRE CONNECTIONS 1 YU / LAMONT MARCH 6, 2018 2 MAP ON THURSDAY - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TIMBRE CONNECTIONS 1

YU / LAMONT MARCH 6, 2018

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

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“MAP” ON THURSDAY

• DR. MEI-YAU SHIH

(POSTPONED DUE TO FLU!)

https://www.umass.edu/tefd/map

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EXAM 1 NOTES

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

BEING CONFUSED IS A FEATURE, NOT A BUG!

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

YOU’RE LEARNING!

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http://www.wired.com/2010/02/learning-goes-through-the-land-of-confusion/

Everyone’s mountain is different and everyone’s swamp is different.

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SOURCE-FILTER THEORY REVIEW

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY

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▸ Input = (Voice) source ▸ Result: harmonics of voice source ▸ Filter = Vocal tract ▸ Result: harmonic amplitudes get modulated ▸ Output = Speech ▸ Result: combined effects of source and filter

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

VOCAL TRACT

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Ladefoged and Johnson (2010), p. 5

From glottis to lips!

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY: A DIAGRAM

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Vocal tract

http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/courses/plin/plin2108/week5.php

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

DIFFERENT SPEECH SOUNDS HAVE DIFFERENT VOCAL TRACT CONFIGURATIONS

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http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/courses/plin/plin2108/week5.php

Same source Different vocal tract configurations

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY: A SCHEMATIC

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source filter

• utput

Fucci and Lass

waveform spectrum

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY: A SCHEMATIC

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source filter

• utput

Fucci and Lass

waveform spectrum

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

OUTPUT SPECTRUM

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• Output = Speech
• Result: combined effects of source and filter

1st harmonic is f0 Frequency of nth harmonic = n * f0

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THE SOURCE: THE VIBRATING LARYNX

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kHdhbEnhoA

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOURCE-FILTER THEORY: A SCHEMATIC

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source filter

• utput

Fucci and Lass

waveform spectrum

AMPLITUDE OF HARMONICS IN SOURCE

▸ Can get by recording at the larynx or inverse filtering of

speech

▸ Amplitudes of source harmonics generally decrease as

frequency goes up (about 3 dB fall per octave)

▸ Rate of decrease depends on phonation quality (creaky,

breathy, etc.)

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

LARYNX BUZZ

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

ELECTROGLOTTOGRAPHY: RECORDING AT THE LARYNX

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http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/facilities/physiology/EGG.htm

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

ELECTROGLOTTOGRAPHY: RECORDING AT THE LARYNX

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http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter_Demo/index.html

Glottal waveform Vocal tract shape for [i]

Filtered waveform: [i]

Glottal spectrum

Filtered spectrum: [i]

Vocal tract transfer function

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

ELECTROGLOTTOGRAPHY: RECORDING AT THE LARYNX

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http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter_Demo/index.html

Mic

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TUBE RESONANCE IN THE VOCAL TRACT

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

TUBE RESONANCE: OPEN AT ONE END

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http://philschatz.com/physics-book/contents/m42296.html#import-auto-id1379919

Open at one end Open at both ends

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

NATURAL RESONANCES FOR SCHWA

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http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1493/965

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

ESTIMATING YOUR VOCAL TRACT LENGTH!

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http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter/SFb.html#VTL

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

ESTIMATING YOUR VOCAL TRACT LENGTH!

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http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Source_Filter/SFb.html#VTL

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

CREATING TEXT GRIDS

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

ESTIMATING YOUR VOCAL TRACT LENGTH!

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▸ Record yourself producing a schwa-type vowel /ə/, and while continuing to

phonate, slowly raise the jaw a bit to a higher vowel, then lower again to

• schwa. Now glide smoothly to an /ɛ/-type vowel (as in "head'), and back to
• schwa. Save this recorded file as schwa_YOURINITIALS.wav, e.g.,

schwa_KY.wav

▸ Create a textgrid. Examine the spectrogram of your recording, and select a

moment in time for labeling where the formants appear to be fairly equally spaced in frequency. Measure the values of F1-F3 as in Part I and record their values in the textgrid. Calculate the F2-F1 and F3-F2 at this point. Take the average of these as the inter-formant distance. Save this TextGrid as schwa_YOURINITIALS.TextGrid, e.g., schwa_KY.TextGrid.

▸ Upload both files to this folder: https://drive.google.com/open?

id=1icPQn8vZ214lV70i8BJI_-YeAvucSYUG (you may need to be signed into your UMass account to access the folder)

http://sail.usc.edu/~lgoldste/General_Phonetics/Week10/Formant_Analysis/index.html

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THE FILTER: THE VOCAL TRACT

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www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kHdhbEnhoA

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

MRI VIDEOS OF VOWEL PRODUCTIONS!

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http://sail.usc.edu/span/rtmri_ipa/pk_2015.html

back open unrounded vowel front close unrounded vowel

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

HARMONICS FROM SOURCE AS A BUNCH OF TUNING FORKS

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A bunch of (Chakra) tuning forks: https://youtu.be/Yn0f77Cqpiw?t=5m44s

Reminder: tuning forks at natural resonances of bottle force air column into large vibration https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nL4xv4UqgHE

THE VOCAL TRACT AS A FILTER

▸ Configuration of vocal tract acts on amplitude of harmonics

from voice source

▸ No new harmonics are added nor or their frequencies

changed!

▸ Some harmonics get stronger, some get weaker (relatively) ▸ Particular vocal tract configuration has particular resonance

frequencies (formants); if these are close to the frequencies

• f some harmonics, those harmonics get strengthened

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

HELMHOLTZ RESONATORS AND FORMANTS

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http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/vocal_vowels/vocal_vowels.html

duck call sound source: vibrating reed

HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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https://youtu.be/PZVeJ2rh6ts

HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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HELMHOLTZ RESONANCE FREQUENCY

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RESONANCES FOR DIFFERENT VOCAL TRACT CONFIGURATIONS

▸ Resonances depend on size and shape of airway ▸ Can be approximated as multitube models, with connected

Helmholtz resonators

▸ Helmholtz resonances are the formants ▸ See article by Sandberg on The Acoustics of the Singing Voice

for further reading

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http://faculty.washington.edu/losterho/Sundberg.pdf

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SOME POINTS OF CONFUSION

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: VOCAL FOLD VS. VOCAL TRACT LENGTH

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• Vocal tract length has a systematic effect on

formant frequencies (vocal tract resonances)

• As vocal tract length increases, formant

frequencies go down: inverse relation Who has higher formant frequencies? A baby or an adult?

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: VOCAL FOLD VS. VOCAL TRACT LENGTH

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• Vocal fold length has a systematic effect on

fundamental frequency (property of voice source)

• Natural vocal fold length accounts for some

portion of individual differences in fundamental frequencies, i.e. differences in f0 between individuals

http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/influence.html

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

POINT OF CONFUSION: VOCAL FOLD VS. VOCAL TRACT LENGTH

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http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/influence.html

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: VOCAL FOLD VS. VOCAL TRACT LENGTH

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http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/influence.html

On average, men have 60% longer effective vocal fold length than women. What does this tell you about f0 on average, compared for men vs. women?

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: FORMANTS VS. F0

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Formants: vocal tract resonances that “filter” harmonic amplitudes from the voice source: we indirectly see what the formants are from their effects on the harmonics in speech Harmonics boosted around F1, F2, and F3

formants F1, F2, F3

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

POINT OF CONFUSION: FORMANTS VS. F0

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Fundamental frequency: a property of the voice source, the rate of vocal fold vibration, the lowest harmonic (the “first” harmonic), also the spacing between harmonics f0 not affected by vocal tract configuration*: spacing between harmonics unaffected by vocal tract filtering

*to a first approximation

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LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

EXERCISE: INDEPENDENCE OF F0, FORMANTS

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▸ Demonstrate that you can keep f0 constant, while

changing formants

▸ Demonstrate that you can keep formants constant, while

changing f0

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 6.1, 6.2

HANDY FORMANT CHART!

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http://www.facebook.com/groups/ling5

https://blogs.umass.edu/ihauser/

Ivy Hauser

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RESONANCE TUNING IN SINGING

http://newt.phys.unsw.edu.au/jw/soprane.html#soundfiles

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

SOPRANO FORMANTS

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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v427/n6970/fig_tab/427116a_F1.html

FIGURE A

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What vowel is being sung here? What is the frequency of f0? The corresponding musical note?

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What are R1-R4, in terms of concepts you’ve learned from source-filter theory? Is there an alternative term you know for them? FIGURE B

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What is another word for “R1” that we’ve learned? Does it correlate with vowel height or backness?

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Order the vowels from lowest to highest in height based on the R1 values given at f0 = 200 Hz. Do the same for the R1 values given at f0 = 800 Hz.

▸

What happens to the R1 values of the different vowels as f0 gets higher?

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

MOZART’S QUEEN OF THE NIGHT ARIA

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpVV9jShEzU

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

MOZART’S QUEEN OF THE NIGHT ARIA

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http://www.thoughtco.com/der-holle-rache-lyrics-724325

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

F2 TUNING IN B4, CELESTE AIDA, [O]

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http://www.voiceinsideview.com/docs/Miller%20chapter%201.pdf http://www.vocevista.com/technology.html

Pavarotti: F2 = 1400 Hz!! Raised 500 Hz Domingo: singer’s formant H6 = 2.8 kHz H3 = 1.4 kHz

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

THE SINGER’S FORMANT

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http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/singer.html

Singer’s formant,

• approx. 3 kHz

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

THE SINGER’S FORMANT

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http://www.ncvs.org/ncvs/tutorials/voiceprod/tutorial/singer.html

LINGUIST 197M, SPRING 2018. CLASS 7.1

PAVORATTI’S FINAL B4, CELESTE AIDA: 4:18

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XP1vp_G9mLc