Toendepi Shonhe The Land Question: Politics or Economic? Tracing - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Toendepi Shonhe

The Land Question: Politics or Economic?

Tracing Inequality

• 4% (Whites) of population controlled over

90% of the economy 96% (blacks) of the population controlled 10% of the economy (Mazhinji and Kamidza, 2011)

• So, skewed colonial settler land ownership

patterns resulted in a dualism and enclavity, separating the rural (Africans) and urban (Whites) sectors in Zimbabwe Ndlela, 1981, Moyo, 2011

Tracing Inequality

• 97.6% (Africans) of the population controlled

60% of wages and salaries while 2% (whites) controlled 37%

• Rampant overcrowding and over grazing in

the Native Reserves where 70% of the unemployed Africans lived.

Inequality today

By Gini-coefficient it jumped from 0.57% in 1995 to 0.64 in 2003, 75% households being in rural areas; compared to 39% in urban areas

Dual Enclave

New inequality and Primitive Accumulation

• past colonial imbalances
• Failed neo-liberal policies by

Zanu PF and ESAP

• Fast track land reform led to

economic collapse and unemployment

• a new elite class has

emerged - top ZANU-PF

• fficials, war veterans, top

civil servants and ruling party sympathisers.

Who benefited, how & where?

Beneficiary Beneficiary Beneficiary Beneficiary Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage Mugabe and wife 14 farms - 16000 hectares Mujuru and late husband 25 farms General Chiwenga 2 farms 90% of 200 major and lieutenant 400 CIO 250 hectares 56 politburo, 98 MPs, 35 unelected senators, 10 governors, 65% of 200 traditional chiefs, 16 judges Same sizes as previous white farmers

Indigenization or Politics?

Indigenization levels by sector, by percent of output

We saw this power retention agenda - driving policies and politics before!

674 × 388 - bulawayo24.com 674 × 388 - bulawayo24.com 1600 × 1152 - platform2012.blogsp

• t.com

Is it the same old story?

Before answering – a bit of political context!

Forced Marriage

Uneven Marriage

Presidential Candidate Preference “Thinking about next year’s presidential election, which candidate will you

vote for in 2013?” 36 29 1 1 3 20 10

10 20 30 40 50

Robert Mugabe Morgan Tsvangirai Welshman Ncube Arthur Mutambara Simba Makoni Other Would not vote Refused to answer Don't know

Valid Percent

How about recent studies

• Even Scoones et.al: noted the need to avoid

capture by the elites and powerful players and for focusing on rebuilding the rural economy (Scoones et.al, 2010)

• “Accumulation from below” but for how

many?

• To what effect on inequality, poverty and

productivity by smallholder farmers?

• How did they do it Malaysia’s reform process,

Northern America or Philippines?

Agriculture, 372878, 17% Series1, Mining, 285142, 13% Series1, Manufacturing, 337415.6203, 15% Series1, Electricity, 25215.234, 1% Series1, Construction, 263208, 12% Series1, Finance, 45387, 2% Series1, Distribution, 183665, 8% Series1, Transport, 82966, 4% Series1, Public Admin, 63825, 3% Series1, Education, 238162, 11% Health, 45875, 2% Private Domestic, 8% Series1, Other, 83728, 4%

State controlled Rural Insurgency

• Zimbabwe National Liberation

War Veterans Association (ZNLWVA)

• Indigenous Business

Development Centre (IBDC)

• Judiciary
• DCCs
• The Villager???

History repeating itself

Defective Lancaster House settlement of 1979 and now, dispossession with no compensation!

Property rights, land permits, productivity or the Vote?

Or is it skills, If communalisation

• f the farms or the

commercialisation of the rural?

Do we have a Vision as Zimbabwe ?

• Taking us from the

Vulture Scenario to the Stone people

• It starts with strong,

visionary, genuine, caring leadership