Urban Lakes and Wetlands: Opportunities and Challenges in Indian - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Urban Lakes and Wetlands: Opportunities and Challenges in Indian - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Urban Lakes and Wetlands: Opportunities and Challenges in Indian Cities Case Study of Delhi Ritu Singh Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage Organisation of Presentation Introduction Lake v/s urban lake Impact of

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Urban Lakes and Wetlands: Opportunities and Challenges in Indian Cities Case Study of Delhi

Ritu Singh

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Organisation of Presentation

  • Introduction

– Lake v/s urban lake – Impact of urbanisation on lakes – Status of lakes in Delhi

  • Materials and Method

– National wetland inventory of India (MoEF) – Blueprint for water augmentation in Delhi (INTACH) – Survey of lakes of Delhi (primary research) – Restoration of Hauz Khas

  • Result & Conclusion

– Opportunities – Challenges

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

INTRODUCTION

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Lake v/s Urban Lake

Is the difference

  • nly

perceptional?

–Intensively built environment –Altered hydrology, lost watershed –Runoff, polluted –Lake is a reflection of its watershed

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Impact of Urbanisation on Lakes

Hydrology

  • Decreased surface storage of stormwater results in

increased surface runoff

  • Increased stormwater discharge relative to baseflow

discharge

  • Increased erosion
  • Changes occur in water quality

– increased turbidity – increased nutrients, metals, organic pollutants, – decreased O2

  • Decreased groundwater recharge
  • Increased floodwater frequency and magnitude
  • Increase in range of flow rates
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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Impact of Urbanisation on Lakes

Geomorphology

  • Decreased sinuosity of wetland/ upland edge reduces amount
  • f ecotones habitat
  • Decreased sinuosity of stream and river channels results in

increased velocity of stream water discharge to receiving wetlands

  • Alterations in shape of slopes(e.g., convexity) affects water

gathering or water disseminating properties

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Impact of Urbanisation on Lakes

Vegetation

  • Large number of exotic species present
  • Restricted pool of pollinators and fruit dispersers
  • Small remnant patches of habitat not connected to other natural

vegetation ‐ Fragmentation

  • Human enhanced dispersal of some species
  • Trampling along wetland edges and periodically unflodded areas

Fauna

  • Species with small home ranges, high reproductive rates, high

dispersal rates favoured

  • ‘edge’

species favoured over forest‐interior species

  • Absence of upland habitat adjacent to wetlands
  • Absence of wetland/upland ecotones
  • Human presence disruptive of normal behaviour
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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Urban Lake Issues in Indian Cities

  • Hydrology; loss of watershed due to urbanisation
  • Diversion of natural runoff through stormwater drain
  • Pollution‐

solid waste and sewage

  • Water balance
  • Lowing of water table
  • Lack of groundwater recharge
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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

MATERIALS AND METHOD

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Delhi: Lakes and Wetlands

  • National Inventory
  • INTACH’s Blueprint for Water Augmentation

in Delhi

  • Survey of lakes
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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

National Inventory

  • Sr. No.

Wetland Category Number of Wetlands Total Wetland Area % of wetland area Open Water Post- monsoon Area Pre- Monsoon Area Inland Wetlands - Natural 1 Lakes/Ponds 11 106 4.15 100 60 2 Ox-bow lakes/ Cut-off meanders

  • 3

High altitude wetlands

  • 4

Riverine wetlands 5 15 0.59 13 14 5 Waterlogged 10 86 3.36 54 65 6 River/Stream 26 1116 43.66 826 845 Inland Wetlands -Man-made 7 Reservoirs/Barrages 8 230 9.00 124 153 8 Tanks/Ponds 352 466 18.23 441 418 9 Waterlogged 29 471 18.43 85 145 10 Salt pans

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Blueprint for Water Augmentation in Delhi

  • 44 Lakes
  • 355 Village ponds
  • Surface area and catchment of each lake
  • Water storage and recharge capacity
  • 22 lakes remain
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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Survey of lakes and water bodies in Delhi (INTACH)

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Restoration of Hauz Khas

  • Base information
  • Approach
  • Benefits
  • Challenges
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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

An Early View of The Hauz Khas

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Aerial Photograph 2003

PAN + LISS3 ‐ 0.6 Mtr. Resolution

Hauz

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Water Harvesting‐ Hauz Khas

  • Ancient Reservoir Made By

Allaudin Khilji In 1298 A.D.

  • Overlooked By Tughlaq

Monuments

  • Reservoir Dry On Account Of Fall

in Water Table and Diversions of Inflows Since 1959.

  • Reservoir Area : 58515 Sq. Mtrs.
  • Depth Range : 2 – 3.5 Mtrs
  • Storage Capacity : 128733 Cu.M.
  • Lithology : Silt With Gravel
  • Depth to Bedrock : 70 MBGL.
  • Water Table Depth: 20.0 MBGL.
  • Permeability Coefficient : 3.54 X

10‐7 cm/sec

Rose Garden Hauz Khas I.I.T Safdarjung

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Bed Of The Hauz Vegetation Growth In The Bed Of Hauz

Pre Project Condition

(May, 2003)

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Ground Water

Improvement in Major Parameters

PRE‐PROJECT

(March 2003)

  • pH : 7.6
  • Chloride : 70 mg/l
  • BOD : 3 mg/l
  • COD : 10 mg/l
  • Nitrate : 20 mg/l
  • Ammonia : 0.04mg/l

MID‐PROJECT

(April 2004)

  • pH : 7.1
  • Chloride : 84 mg/l
  • BOD : 1 mg/l
  • COD : 4 mg/l
  • Nitrate : 1.14 mg/l
  • Phosphate : 1.44 mg/l
  • Residual Chlorine ‐ND
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SANJAY VAN (November, 2004)

  • pH : 7.5
  • TDS : 464 mg/l
  • TSS : 28 mg/l
  • Nitrate : 6.67 mg/l
  • Fluoride : 0.73 mg/l
  • Phosphate : 4.63 mg/l
  • BOD : Less Than 1 mg/l
  • COD : 4 mg/l
  • DO : 6.3mg/l

HAUZ RESERVOIR (November, 2004)

  • pH : 8.5
  • TDS : 778 mg/l
  • TSS : 101 mg/l
  • Nitrate : 5.43 mg/l
  • Fluoride : 0.32 mg/l
  • Phosphate : 4.71 mg/l
  • BOD : 8 mg/l
  • COD : 77.22 mg/l
  • DO : 6.6mg/l

Water Parameters

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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Day I Day V Day XV Day XXV

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Week pH Turbidity (FNU) Conductivity (µmhos/cm) BOD (mg/L) Spot 1 Spot 2 Spot 1 Spot 2 Spot 1 Spot 2 Spot 1 Spot 2 First Week (13 – 19 July 2007) 9.57 9.25 102 174 800 797 50 70 Second Week (20 – 26 July 2007) 9.07 9.13 52 158 787 787 17 34 Third Week (27 July-02 August 2007) 8.82 9.02 50 131 761 748 15 28

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25 4 1 5 6 3 2 7

Monitoring Wells

  • Water in Bore No.7 Risen From 20

MBGL to 8 MBGL

  • Water Appeared in Wells No.2 &

3

  • Dry Handpumps in Hauz Khas

Village Revived

  • Rain Water Recharged From Sep

2003 to Date 300 Million Litres (Estimated)

  • Treated Effluent Recharged From

Sep 2003 to Date 1000 Million Litres (Estimated)

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RESULTS & CONCLUSION

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Urban Lakes: Opportunities

  • Creation of environmental asset
  • Improvement in groundwater resource on which

neighboring communities are dependent

– 5 meters over a span of 3 yr

  • The yield from surrounding tubewells

has increased thereby reducing operational time and consequently reducing energy consumption

  • 12 species of water birds including migratory birds
  • Micro climatic amelioration
  • Conservation of biodiversity
  • Opportunity for urbanites to experience bird watching,

ecosystem learning

  • Could be easily replicated in all Indian cities
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Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage

Urban Lakes: Challenges

  • Sewage and soil waste management
  • Dense urbanisation; not sensitive towards

environmental concerns

  • New approach hence, skepticism
  • Multi stakeholder‐

difficult to get all players on same field

  • Multiplicity of agencies
  • Needs close monitoring and continuous treatment of

inflow water & insitu treatment

  • Lack of research in urban forestry, wetlands etc. proves

limiting ‐ confidence in implementing such projects is low

  • Lack of awareness regarding ecological approaches
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Thank You