Conservation of Nature Governance & Equity Capacity-building - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Capacity-building workshop for Latin America and the Caribbean

• n achieving Aichi Biodiversity Targets 11 and 12
• Dr. Thora Amend

Curitiba, Oct.2015

Conservation of Nature Governance & Equity



• rganized by IUCN, once in a decade



world's largest gathering of conservationists



more than 6,000 participants of 170 countries (park rangers, NGO workers, activists but also politicians and business representatives)  discuss the future of the Earth's protected areas

Why governance? Why now?

World Parks Congress

Sydney, Nov.2014

8 streams Stream 6: Enhancing the Diversity & Quality of Governance 4 cross cutting themes: Capacity Development, Marine, World Heritage, New Social Compact

Why governance? Why now?

World Parks Congress

Sydney, Nov.2014

Why governance? Why now?

Two-thirds of the world's land occupied, used, or owned by indigenous communities and 80 percent of global biodiversity present in those lands

 the conservation community needs to build partnerships with traditional communities to enhance and preserve natural areas.

In Durban, South Africa, at WPC 2003 Nelson Mandela, said:

"I see no future for parks unless they address the needs of communities as equal partners in their development.”

Mandela condemned unequal distribution of benefits and costs, and set

• ut a vision of conservation where the interests of indigenous people

and local communities are respected and protected.

Sydney reasserted that message.

Clear message of WPC: Local communities matter

linear conections between protected areas = biological / ecological corridors PA’s embedded in landscape with different types and intensities of resource use

Conservation

Isolated protected areas Conservation areas with buffer zones around them PA as a “blind spot” in regional context – no mandate / no perceived connection with development agenda PA as service provider (ecosystem services) PA expected to generate income via payment for ecosystem services (i.e. water, tourism, carbon storage)

$ $ $

PA’s “claimed” by local and regional stakeholders, as part

• f their perceived territories /

development rights

from PA islands to conservation landscapes development perspective: from segregation to integrated territorial perceptions

Complementarity of approaches? Synergies?

& development

I plan, you plan, we all make plans…..

• Need to jointly develop a vision and

elaborate strategic plans for areas with conservation value, as part of regional development

Protected Areas:

Planning for one player who holds all the powers?

Protected Areas: a shift of paradigms

 new roles and mandates for PA staff Why governance? Why now?

 planned and managed against local people  run by central government  “set aside” from mainstream concerns  developed individually  managed as “islands”  designed and managed as part of national & international systems  designed & managed at landscape scale  run with, for and - in some cases – by local people  run by many partners  identified as essential for sustainable ecosystem services.

As it was – protected areas have been: As it is becoming – protected areas:

Inspired by: A. Phillips 2002 + 2014

Protected Areas: a shift of paradigms 1

Why governance? Why now?

As it was – protected areas have been:

 established for biodiversity conservation  focus on preservation and protection  managed reactively within short term frameworks  financed by the state

As it is becoming – protected areas:

in line with principles of CBD „s most relevant tool: Ecosystem Approach

 are in addition, linked with a range of development objectives  focus also on rehabilitation and restoration  are managed adaptively in a longer term perspective  are financed from diverse sources

Inspired by: A. Phillips 2002 + 2014

Protected Areas: a shift of paradigms 2

Why governance? Why now?

http://www.marn.gob.sv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=162:especiales&id=699:areas-naturales-protegidas-con-un-nuevo-modelo-de-gestion-inclusiva

“Áreas Naturales Protegidas con un nuevo modelo de gestión inclusiva”

El Salvador. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (MARN).

Viernes, 17 de Diciembre de 2010 En este nuevo modelo se incluye una plena integración en la gestión del Parque, de las comunidades locales y de otros actores de la zona de influencia, en particular el gobierno local y los propietarios de terrenos privados colindantes. Los cambios sustanciales de este modelo de gestión fortalecerán la cultura ambiental de la población y su inclusión en el manejo y aprovechamiento de estas áreas, sin dejar de lado la preservación de los recursos naturales. Su implementación ha requerido la articulación de los derechos y deberes de cada actor bajo una visión compartida. Este esquema de gobernanza territorial busca obtener alternativas conjuntas que permiten lograr un balance adecuado entre la conservación y el uso sostenible de los ecosistemas. Ante este nuevo reto, la consolidación del Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas viene a ser un elemento central del actual Plan Estratégico del Ministerio, al reconocer la importancia que juega este Sistema en la conservación y en la consecuente provisión de servicios ecosistémicos (agua, mitigación de los efectos del cambio climático, protección del suelo, ecoturismo, espacios para realizar investigaciones científicas y de estudio, entre otros).

Conservation needs to pay more attention to the crucial ties between biological and cultural diversity, and to the conditions that allow communities to be empowered for conservation

Governance & Equity

Conservation needs equity: a fair sharing of the costs and benefits of preserving biodiversity and managing natural resources in a sustainable way Conservation needs to respect human rights: “do no harm”…& have a positive impact

• n livelihoods wherever possible.

PA paradigm shift  new roles for managers

Why governance? Why now?

Why? ฀ Implementation of CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas (PoWPA) is lagging behind in the area governance, participation, equity, and benefit sharing

„Governance of Protected Areas – From understanding to action“

IUCN Best Practice Guidelines No. 20

http://www.iucn.org/pa_governance

So, what is governance?

The interactions among structures, processes and traditions that determine how power and responsibilities are exercised, how decisions are taken, and how citizens or other stakeholders have their say.

(Graham et al., 2003)

Why governance? Why now?

• Participation
• Innovation
• Respect
• Benefit-sharing
• Free, prior and informed

consent (FPIC)

• Governance principles for

“Good Governance“

Governance in the CBD PoWPA

Why governance? Why now?

Management  what do we do?

PA management & governance

Governance  who decides what we do?

and how we do it…

• specific aims to reach
• actions to carry out
• available means (human, financial...)
• achieving or not the desired results

 management effectiveness

• power, authority and responsibility
• formal & informal,
• relationships among actors
• “how to go about” all this: participation,

equity, accountability, ...

 ฀ “good governance”

http://www.WWF.org

Governance – key terms

Governance of PAs

1. Diversity 2. Quality 3. Vitality

Governance – key terms

Governance in Conservation

Rights-holders = actors socially endowed with legal or customary rights with respect to land, water and natural resources. Stakeholders = possess direct or indirect interests and concerns, but do not necessarily enjoy a legally or socially recognised entitlement.

http://press.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CHAPTER7.pdf

Aspects to take into account: various types of powers that the key actors apply when they take and implement decisions (i.e. regulatory, financial, related to knowledge or related to coercion) scale of decision-making and operations (i.e. local, at ecosystem level, national, trans-boundary, international)

Governance – key terms

Governance terminology

Governance – key terms

G

https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2014-033.pdf

Governance is appropriate

• nly when tailored to its

specific context and effective in delivering lasting conservation results, livelihood benefits and the respect of rights. Diversity of governance

1

Diversity of governance

Type A: Governance by government

• Park Agency, Ministry, parastatal

institution...

• Often on lands owned by the

government

• Increasingly involved:

government structures at sub- national and municipal levels

• Possible delegation to NGOs or

private operators

 Decision making authority, responsibility and accountability held and exercised by government (at various levels)

Diversity of governance

Type B: Shared Governance

Decision making authority, responsibility and accountability shared between governmental agencies and other stakeholders (in particular the relevant landowners and the indigenous peoples and local communities - sedentary or mobile - who depend on the natural resources culturally and/or for their livelihoods)

• ฀

plurality of actors

• ฀

mutual recognition, collective interests

• ฀

need for negotiation compromise/ consensus

• ฀

reaching an agreement ฀

• at times complex processes

and institutions Diversity of governance

https://portals.iucn.org/library/ efiles/documents/2006-010.pdf

Type C: Governance by private actors

Mechanisms and incentives:

• ฀

voluntary protected area designations

• voluntary surrender of legal rights
• charitable contributions
• corporate set-aside, donations, or

management of an area for conservation

• Individuals (single persons, families, trusts)
• ฀

Corporations (companies, shareholders)

• ฀

Non-governmental organisations (private or semi-private, religious, researching, teaching and training) Diversity of governance

Type D: Governance by Indigenous

Peoples and local Communities

• ฀
• ldest “conserved areas”, widespread but poorly acknowledged ฀
• “bio-cultural units” or “cultural landscapes/ seascapes”...
• ฀

livelihoods and conservation linked Diversity of governance

Three essential characteristics of ICCAs:

1.

an indigenous people or local community possesses a close and profound relation with a site

2.

the people or community is the major player in decision-making and has de facto and/or de jure capacity to develop and enforce regulations

3.

the people‟s or community‟s decisions and efforts lead to the conservation of biodiversity, ecological functions and associated cultural values

adapted from: Borrini-Feyerabend & Hill, in IUCN 2015 http://press.anu.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/CHAPTER7.pdf

IUCN - Protected Areas Governance Matrix

Governance Type

• A. Governance by

Government

• B. Shared Governance
• C. Private Governance
• D. Indigenous

Peoples & Community Governance

IUCN Category (management

• bjective)

Federal or national ministry or agency Sub- national ministry or agency in charge Governm delegated manage- ment (e.g. to an NGO) Trans- boundary gover-nance Collaborativ

e

manageme nt (various forms of pluralist influence) Joint manageme nt (pluralist governing body) Conserved area established and run by individual land-owner …by non- profit

• rganisa-

tion (e.g. NGO, university etc.) …by for- profit

• rganisatio

n (e.g. corporate land-

• wners )

Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas & territories - established and run by indigenous peoples Community conserved areas and territories - established and run by local communities

I - Strict Nature Reserve/ Wilderness Area II -National Park (ecosystem protection & associated cultural values) III – Natural Monument IV – Habitat/ Species Management V – Protected Landscape/ Seascape VI – Managed Resource

Diversity of Governance Buzz groups

• Choose one PA that you know
• Try to find the correct place in the matrix
• Give reasons (management / governance)

Working with the PA governance matrix – Madagascar 2003 and 2013

Governance of PAs – a continuum

Diversity of governance

Diversity of governance

http://www.iccaconsortium.org/

IUCN / UNDP good governance principles

Legitimacy and voice

• Participation
• Consensus Orientation

Direction

• Strategic vision

Performance

• Responsiveness
• Effectiveness and efficiency

Accountability

• Accountability & transparency

Fairness and rights

• Equity
• Rule of Law

Effective governance

Equitable governance

Equitable governance

Governance quality

homework

 please send to Sarat & Leah by 30th of October !

Inclusion & governance Conservation for man & nature

 foster social and ecological resilience in times of multiple challenges

Thank you!

thora.amend@gmx.net