[PPT] - TRANSPORT, THE WAY FORWARD FOR IMPROVED HEALTH A SEMINAR PowerPoint Presentation

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UNDERSTANDING MATERIAL INTERACTION AND TRANSPORT, THE WAY FORWARD FOR IMPROVED HEALTH

By Dr Ohene Boansi Apea

(oboansi@uds.edu.gh)

A SEMINAR PRESENTATION

At the maiden seminar series organized by IMGA-Ghana on Navrongo Campus, University for Development Studies

SPONSORS:

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At what price??

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Human activity is transforming nearly all of Earth’s natural systems!

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ECOSYSTEM SERVICES Provisioning Services Food Freshwater, Wood and fiber, Fuel, Clean Air, Medicines Regulating Services Climate regulation, Flood regulation, Disease regulation, Water purification Cultural Services Aesthetic, Cultural, Recreational, Spiritual Supporting Services Nutrient cycling, Primary production, Soil formation WELL-BEING CONSTITUENTS Security Personal safety, Secure resource access, Security from disasters Basic material for good life Adequate livelihoods, Sufficient nutritious food, Shelter, Access to goods Health Strength, Feeling well, Access to clean air and water Good social relations Social cohesion, Mutual respect, Ability to help

thers

Freedom of choice and action Opportunity to be able to achieve what an individual values doing and being HUMAN WELL-BEING IS DEPENDENT ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

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OUR WAY OF LIFE AND MANNER OF SEEKING FOR A BETTER LIFE INDICATES THAT WE ARE BEING SELFISH AND INCONSIDERATE !

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the most important relationships incompletely

characterized

there are significant linkages between the

structure and function of natural systems and a variety of human health outcomes

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There is compelling evidence that changes that alter human–wild-life interactions played the central role in initial out- breaks of HIV and Ebola virus, as well as several lesser-known zoonoses

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This suite of findings has led to the proposal

f a general principle of disease ecology—the

“dilution effect”—whereby a greater diversity

f intermediate hosts can dilute the pool of

hosts that amplify transmission, resulting in decreased exposure to vector-borne disease.

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Limitations of Current Literature

Much of the existing research on the human health impacts of

alterations in natural systems focuses narrowly on a single health

utcome—a particular infectious disease.
A related challenge is the need to evaluate the health consequences
f the complex interplay of multiple contemporaneous environmental

changes.

We have inadequately explored how human adaptations to ecosystem

change may mediate the resulting health impacts.

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What do we do?

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Build production functions Respond to specific policy needs Address limitations Fill the gaps

The solution is, ‘directed-interdisciplinary research’

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An approach adopted by an applied chemist

Healt lth im impact of ecosystem alt lteration: Material dis istribution

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Ecosystem

FACTORS Ecosystem-altering agents

Chemically/biologi cally modifiable materials and substances Inert materials and substances Natural/human activities or events

Aquatic

Terrestrial Atmospheric

Transport/Mobility

Health

Chemical form

(Complex processes: Geochemical, Biological and Chemical)

Available

Unavailable Non-toxic

Toxic

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Chemical process Geochemical process Biological process

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Degradation Distribution Ecosystem services Human health/ well-being Terrestrial Aquatic Atmospheric Materials/substances

Humans

FACTORS:

pH
Moisture
Humidity
Temperature
Etc.

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Modeling metal distribution in an ecosystem

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Chemical modeling
Computer programming
Statistical modeling
Spatial analysis
Chemical analysis

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Idealized model

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Solid phase Solution phase

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Il Illu lustration of id idealized mechanis ism of io ion adsorption

pH 5.5 Low pH High pH

Specifically adsorbed Diffuse ion swarm Non-Specifically adsorbed

M

La

M M

Lag

M

L

M Lag

MLag

Lag

MLag

M M

Lag

M

L

M

Type A ternary complex

Type B ternary complex

M

La

Type A ternary complex Adsorbent

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Semi-natural Ecosystem

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Factors

Speciation  Climate  Physicochemical properties of pore water  Soil characteristics  Humic substances Distribution  Physicochemical properties

f pore water

 Soil mineral properties  Humic substances: complexation phase separation  Misc. factors: temperature dissolved ions

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𝑇𝑞𝑓𝑑𝑗𝑏𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 = 0.5639 𝑔

𝑑𝑚𝑗𝑛𝑏𝑢𝑓 + 0.2482𝑔 𝑡𝑝𝑚 + 0.1306𝑔 𝐼𝑇

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Mwater = 0.86626fclimate +0.03699 fsol -0.26729 fHS ………..1 Mexchangeable = -0.05043fclimate + 0.99638 fsol + 0.04738 fHS ………..2 Mcarbonate = 0.97122fclimate +0.02067 fsol -0.08150 fHS ………..3 Moxide = -0.03589fclimate + 0.99623 fsol + 0.05676 fHS ………..4 MSi = 0.92976fclimate -0.14396 fsol -0.18975 fHS ………..5 MHS = -0.19142fclimate + 0.07893 fsol + 0.95628 fHS ………..6

Speciation Model

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𝐿𝐸𝑁 = 0.5065 𝑔

𝑇𝑃𝑀𝑞𝑠𝑝𝑞 + 0.2344𝑔

𝐼𝑇𝑞𝑠𝑝𝑞 + 0.1705𝑔 𝑇𝑃𝑀𝐽𝐸𝑦𝑢𝑗𝑑 + 0.0684𝑔 𝐼𝑇𝑑𝑞𝑚𝑦

eigenvalue > 0.5 and correlation coefficient > 0.8

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Distribution Model

𝐿𝐸𝑁 = 0.5065 𝑔

𝑇𝑃𝑀𝑞𝑠𝑝𝑞 + 0.2344𝑔 𝐼𝑇𝑞𝑠𝑝𝑞 + 0.1705𝑔 𝑇𝑃𝑀𝐽𝐸𝑦𝑢𝑗𝑑

eigenvalue > 1 and correlation coefficient > 0.8

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Suitability of Adopted Models

Model Statistics* pH 3.72 4.7 6.85 10 Model 1

1 𝑅𝑁𝑀 ∝ 1 𝐿𝐸𝑁

Cor 0.8621 0.9948 0.9936 0.9979 R2 74.3204 98.9682 98.7290 99.5852 CL 90 99 99 99 Model 2 𝑅𝑀 ∝ 𝐿𝐸𝑁 Cor 0.69988 0.724058 0.761976 0.903564 R2 48.9829 52.4256 58.0607 81.6429 CL 90 90 90 95 Model 3 𝐿𝐸𝑀 ∝ 𝐿𝐸𝑁 Cor 0.7032 0.840473 0.828517 0.945843 R2 49.4489 70.6395 78.9463 89.462 CL 90 90 95 95

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Metal availability in a terrestrial environment

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Readily available (Rav): 𝑆𝑏𝑤 = 𝑁𝑥𝑏𝑢𝑓𝑠 = 𝑁𝐺𝐵𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 + 𝑁𝐼𝐵𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 + 𝑁𝑀𝑗𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑕𝑏𝑜𝑗𝑑,𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 + 𝑁+ Potentially available (Pav): 𝑄

𝑏𝑤 = 𝑁𝑓𝑦 + 𝑁𝐺𝐵𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑗𝑒 + 𝑁𝐼𝐵𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑗𝑒 = 𝑁𝑓𝑦 + 𝑁𝑝𝑠𝑕 − 𝑁𝐺𝐵𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜 + 𝑁𝐼𝐵𝑡𝑝𝑚𝑣𝑢𝑗𝑝𝑜

Unavailable (Uav): 𝑉𝑏𝑤 = 𝑁𝑝𝑦 + 𝑁𝑑𝑏𝑠𝑐 + 𝑁𝑛𝑗𝑜 = 𝑁𝑢𝑝𝑢𝑏𝑚 − 𝑆𝑏𝑤 + 𝑄

𝑏𝑤

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Ecosystem Metal Extent of available forms (%) Rav Pav Uav Accra Cu 14.754 17.457 Co 21.168 15.227 Ni 2.578 49.417 Pb 2.644 4.525 Zn 15.562 44.913

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Relationship between Rav

av (g

(grid) and Organic matter (contour)

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Co Cu Ni Pb Zn

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What does this tell us?

Good model
Applicable for assessment of the potential for metals to enter into

biota

Applicable for chemically degradable materials, products of

geochemical processes, and the chemical products of biodegradation

Accounting for mobile forms of trace metals
Applicable for environmental impact assessment

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Understanding material distribution and transport is thus crucial for improved health and will require all hands on deck!

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There are still gaps! ! Wit ith you we can do more!! !!

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A more systematic and comprehensive approach to understanding the health im impacts of ecosystem alt lteration is is required

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Sugg ggestions for the way forw rward

Unification of research efforts
Data pool with an attendant data assessment protocol
Interdisciplinary approach to filing the gap
Cooperation amongst governments or better still an international

project focused on ecosystem and environmental sustainability research, policy-making and implementation procedures.

Effective linkage between academia and governance especially in

African, Middle East and Asian countries.

Massive education by governments and NGOs on environmental

sustainability.

Research funding from governments as a policy, and organizations.

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Conclusion

We can continue to enjoy the services of the ecosystem, only when our plans, actions, and policies are based on the fundamental knowledge of material interactions, distribution and transport within the ecosystems.

The modus operandi is, concerted effort and collaboration!!

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LETS WORK TOGETHER TO SUSTAIN OUR ECOSYSTEM

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REFERENCES

Apea, O. Boansi (2015): Modeling the role of humic substances in the distribution of trace metals in

selected ecosystems in Ghana, Published PhD Thesis, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology http://ir.knust.edu.gh/handle/123456789/7487

Carr, G.M. & Neary, J.P., 2008. Water Quality for Ecosystem and Human Health 2nd ed. R. Robarts &
S. Barker, eds., United Nations Environment Programme Global Monitoring System/Water

Programme (GEMS).

Myers, S.S. et al., 2013. Human health impacts of ecosystem alteration. In Proceedings of the

National Academy of Sciences. pp. 18753–18760. Available at: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1218656110.

Pongsiri, M., 2011. Ecosystems , Biodiversity and Human Health : Links to Green Infrastructure

Planning, Available at: http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.763.aspx.pdf.

WHO, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being Robert T. Watson (Chief Scientist World Bank) & U.
N. U. A.H. Zakri (Director, Institute of Advanced Studies, eds., WHO Library Cataloguing-in-

Publication Data Ecosystems. Available at: http://www.who.int/entity/globalchange/ecosystems/ecosys.pdf\nhttp://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/e cip0512/2005013229.html.

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