Evaluation of Temperature and Laboratory Aging on Pavement Cracking - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Evaluation of Temperature and Laboratory Aging on Pavement Cracking - - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Evaluation of Temperature and Laboratory Aging on Pavement Cracking Performance Fracture Tests Eshan Dave Katie Haslett, Jo Daniel and Saman Salari North East User Producer Group Meeting Newark, Delaware 20 th October 2016 Aging and

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Evaluation of Temperature and Laboratory Aging on Pavement Cracking Performance Fracture Tests

Eshan Dave Katie Haslett, Jo Daniel and Saman Salari

North East User Producer Group Meeting Newark, Delaware 20th October 2016

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Overview

§ Introduction

–Motivation and Objectives –DCT and SCB Fracture Tests

§ Methodology and Materials § Results

–Temperature Effects –Aging Effects

§ Summary & Conclusion

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Balanced Mix Design § Asphalt mix design using performance tests on appropriately conditioned specimens that address multiple modes

  • f distress taking into consideration mix

aging, traffic, climate and location within the pavement structure

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Motivation

§ White House: 65 percent of America’s major roads are rated in less than good condition § Performance tests are starting to become mature and field validation data is becoming available for developing performance related/based specifications § Fracture testing based cracking tests are starting to get adopted § There is need for understanding of effects of aging and temperature on fracture behavior of asphalt mixtures

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Fracture Test Geometries

§ Fracture tests on HMA date back to 1971

Single-edge Notched Beam (SE(B)) Direct Tension Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Fenix Test

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Disk-shaped Compact Tension (DCT)

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Disk-Shaped Compact Tension (DCT) Test

§ ASTM D7313-13 § Loading Rate:

– Crack Mouth Opening Displacement – CMOD Rate = 1.0 mm/min

§ Measurements:

– CMOD – Load

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P P CMOD, u

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Semi-Circular Bend (SCB) Test

§ Multiple variants exist

– Early work in Europe – Simultaneous cold (Marasteanu et al. – MN) and intermediate temperature (Mohamed et al. – LA) versions – Recent work from Al-Qadi et al. (IL) à AASHTO TP 105

§ AASHTO TP 107

– Line load control, loading rate = 50 mm/min – Test temperature = 25 deg. C

§ Measurements:

– Displacement – Load

§ Outcomes

– Fracture Energy – Flexibility Index (FI)

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Fracture Parameters Sf

Displacement (CMOD or LL), u Load, P

8 P P CMOD

Fracture work: Area under Load-Displacement curve Fracture Energy, Gf: Energy required to create unit fracture surface Gf = Fracture Work, Sf Fracture Area Flexibility Index, FI: FI = Gf / m

m

P LL

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Current Adoption Efforts of Fracture Tests

§ Semi-Circular Bend

– LA Version Intermediate Temperature à Louisiana DOTD § Wisconsin for High RAM Projects (Hanz et al. NEAUPG 2015) – IL and MN Version at Intermediate Temperature: § Illinois in pilot implementation stages

§ Disk-shaped Compact Tension

– City of Chicago – Illinois Tollways – Wisconsin for High RAM Projects (Hanz et al. NEAUPG 2015) – Minnesota Department of Transportation § Pilot implementation on 7 projects in 2013 § Multi-lab round-robin testing in 2015 (17 projects) § Fabrication and conditioning process effects in 2015-16 (11 projects) § Provisional specification is now available

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Current Specifications / Adoption Approaches

§ Illinois Research on SCB Flexibility Index:

§ Single Test Temperature = 25 deg. C § Short term aged specimens following AASHTO R30

§ Wisconsin High RAM Projects

– SCB testing at 25 deg. C – DCT testing at specified PG LT + 10 deg. C – Both SCB and DCT on AASHTO R 30 long term aged procedure § 5 days at 85 deg. C on compacted specimens

§ Minnesota Specification

– DCT testing at 10 deg. C warmer than required 95% reliability PG LT (in other words, without 6 deg. C rounding) – AASHTO R30 short term aging

§ Challenges: Is 25 deg. C temperature suitable for all locations? How to handle reheating and long term aging?

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

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2

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Temperature (oC) Fracture Energy (J/m 2)

Mix 1 Mix 2 Mix 4 Mix 3

Effect of Temperature on Fracture Energy

Mix 1 = MNRoad 19 Mix 2 = US50 (RCRI) Mix 3 = I-74 Mix 4 = AI AAPTP

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Effect of Temperature is Not Uniform: PG64-22 vs. PG58-28

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10 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Temperature, T (oC) Fracture Energy, G f (J/m2) PG58-28 PG64-22

Gf=627.1Exp0.041*T r2 = 0.564 Gf =1299.3Exp0.047*T r2 = 0.564

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Effects of Aging on Fracture (Braham et al., 2009)

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Effect of AASHTO R30 Lab Aging (Dave et al., 2011)

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+/-13% for most mixes 2 mixes showed significant difference

Section 34 à SBS+PPA, NY à Unmodified Section 33 à PPA and Section 35 à SBS

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

MnDOT DCT Implementation Aging Evaluation Study

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100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100

TH 59 Roundabout PG 64-34 TH 59 N. D.L. PG 58-28 CSAH 133 PG 58-34 TH 61 Little Marais PG 58-34 TH 61 Lutsen PG 58-28 TH 11 PG 58-28 TH 65 PG 58-28 TH 29 PG 58-34 TH 62 PG 58-34 TH 86 PG 64-28 CSAH 3 PG 58-28

Fracture Energy (J/m2)

Mix Design No-Reheat Reheats

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Objectives

§ Assess effects of long term laboratory aging on cracking (fracture) performance tests § Determine effects of test temperature on cracking performance parameters from SCB and DCT tests § Secondary Outcomes:

– What can we learn from fracture behavior regarding asphalt mixtures? § Effect of RAP amount § Effect of binder type

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Overview

§ Introduction

–Motivation and Objectives –DCT and SCB Fracture Tests

§ Methodology and Materials § Results

–Temperature –Aging Effects

§ Summary & Conclusion

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Testing Matrix

§ Age Conditioning § Test Temperature Study:

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Mix PG RAP 76-22 0% 70-22 20% 64-22 40% 52-34 20% 52-34 40% Virginia Vermont

Mix PG RAP New York PG 64-22 0% 30% New Hampshire PG 64-28 0% 30%

§ Short Term Aging: Plant Production § Long Term Aging: NCHRP 09-54 § Long term oven aging of loose mix § Aging Temperature = 95 ºC § Aging Duration à Geography and structure specific § Current study: 0, 14 and 21 days § All tests on plant mix, lab compacted samples § SCB and DCT tests at multiple temperatures § SCB: 25, 13 and 1ºC § DCT: PG LT + 10 ºC § All tests on plant mixed, plant compacted samples

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Specimen Preparations

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Gyratory Specimen 50 mm (2 inch) Disk Cut disk into two halves Notched Core loading holes Notched DCT SCB

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Specimen Distribution

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NH 0% RAP NH 30% RAP NY 0% RAP NY 30% RAP 21 days aged 21 days aged 21 days aged 21 days aged Discs AV test Discs AV test Discs AV test Discs AV test 1.A 6.5% DCT 1.A 6.9% SCB 1.A 6.8% DCT 1.A 6.8% DCT 1.B 6.1% SCB 1.B 7.0% Extra 1.B 7.4% SCB 1.B 7.4% DCT 1.C 6.0% Extra 1.C 6.6% DCT 1.C 6.3% Extra 1.C 7.0% SCB 2.A 6.5% DCT 2.A 6.7% SCB 2.A 6.5% DCT 2.A 7.2% SCB 2.B 6.4% DCT 2.B 6.6% DCT 2.B 6.8% DCT 2.B 7.5% DCT 2.C 6.3% SCB 2.C 6.4% DCT 2.C 6.6% SCB 2.C 6.7% Extra

NH 0% RAP NH 30% RAP NY 0% RAP NY 30% RAP Short-term aged Short-term aged Short-term aged Short-term aged Discs AV test Discs AV test Discs AV test Discs AV test 1.A 6.6% SCB 1.A 6.6% DCT 1.A 6.2% SCB 1.A 6.4% DCT 1.B 6.5% DCT 1.B 6.6% SCB 1.B 6.3% DCT 1.B 7.1% DCT 1.C 5.7% Extra 1.C 6.6% Extra 1.C 7.8% DCT 1.C 6.1% SCB 2.A 6.5% SCB 2.A 6.6% SCB 2.A 6.8% SCB 2.A 6.6% DCT 2.B 6.3% DCT 2.B 6.8% DCT 2.B 7.9% Extra 2.B 7.2% SCB 2.C 5.8% DCT 2.C 6.5% DCT 2.C 6.6% DCT 2.C 6.3% Extra 14 days aged 14 days aged 14 days aged 14 days aged Discs AV test Discs AV test Discs AV test Discs AV test 1.A 5.5% Extra 1.A 7.9% Extra 1.A 5.8% DCT 1.A 6.9% SCB 1.B 5.6% DCT 1.B 7.4% SCB 1.B 7.4% SCB 1.B 7.6% Extra 1.C 5.8% SCB 1.C 6.9% DCT 1.C 6.4% DCT 1.C 6.2% DCT 2.A 6.7% DCT 2.A 7.1% SCB 2.A 6.2% SCB 2.A 6.5% DCT 2.B 6.5% SCB 2.B 7.2% DCT 2.B 6.7% DCT 2.B 7.1% DCT 2.C 6.3% DCT 2.C 6.9% DCT 2.C 5.7% Extra 2.C 7.5% SCB 21 days aged 21 days aged 21 days aged 21 days aged Discs AV test Discs AV test Discs AV test Discs AV test 1.A 6.5% DCT 1.A 6.9% SCB 1.A 6.8% DCT 1.A 6.8% DCT 1.B 6.1% SCB 1.B 7.0% Extra 1.B 7.4% SCB 1.B 7.4% DCT 1.C 6.0% Extra 1.C 6.6% DCT 1.C 6.3% Extra 1.C 7.0% SCB 2.A 6.5% DCT 2.A 6.7% SCB 2.A 6.5% DCT 2.A 7.2% SCB 2.B 6.4% DCT 2.B 6.6% DCT 2.B 6.8% DCT 2.B 7.5% DCT 2.C 6.3% SCB 2.C 6.4% DCT 2.C 6.6% SCB 2.C 6.7% Extra

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Test Conditions

§ Aging Study

– Plant Production (Short Term) – Loose mix oven aging @ 95 ºC – 0, 14 and 21 days – Total: 3 conditions, 2 test types

§ Temperature Study

– All specimens are plant mixed, plant compacted – Total: 1 condition, 2 test types, 3 temperatures

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SCB: 25ºC DCT: -12 or -18ºC SCB: 25, 13 and 1ºC DCT: -12 or -18ºC

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Overview

§ Introduction

–Motivation and Objectives –DCT and SCB Fracture Tests

§ Methodology and Materials § Results

–Temperature –Aging Effects

§ Summary & Conclusion

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Temperature Study: Low Temperature Performance

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  • Minimal difference

between VT 20% and 40% RAP mixtures

  • Substantial difference

between VA mixtures

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

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VT Mixtures Blue: 20% RAP, PG 58-34 Red: 40% RAP, PG 58-34 VA Mixtures Green: 0% RAP, PG 76-22 Blue: 20% RAP, PG 70-22 Red: 40% RAP, PG 64-22 Force (kN) Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm) Force (kN)

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Effect of Temperature on SCB Results

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500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000

1 C 13 C 25 C SCB Fracture Energy, J/m2

VT 20% RAP VT 40% RAP VA 0% RAP VA 20% RAP VA 40% RAP

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Effect of Temperature on Fracture Behavior at Intermediate Temperatures

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Force (kN) Displacement (mm) Displacement (mm) 1ºC 13ºC 25ºC 13ºC 25ºC VT 20% RAP, PG 58-34 VA 20% RAP, PG 70-22

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

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VA 40% RAP, PG 64-22 13ºC 25ºC Force (kN) Displacement (mm)

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Overview

§ Introduction

–Motivation and Objectives –DCT and SCB Fracture Tests

§ Methodology and Materials § Results

–Temperature –Aging Effects

§ Summary & Conclusion

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Aging Study Results

§ SCB Fracture Energy at Intermediate Temperature

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500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

NH 0% RAP NH 30% RAP NY 0% RAP NY 30% RAP Fracture Energy, Gf (J/m2) Short-term aged 14 days aged 21 days aged

  • Drop in fracture energy with increasing aging levels
  • Extent of drop is not consistent with RAP amount
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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Effect of Aging on Fracture Behavior

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0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 2 4 6 8 10

Force (kN) Displacement (mm)

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 2 4 6 8

Displacement (mm) Force (kN) NH 0% RAP, PG 64-28 NH 30% RAP, PG 64-28 Green: Short-term aged Blue: 14 days at 95 deg. C Red: 21 days at 95 deg. C

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Aging Study Results

§ SCB Flexibility Index at Intermediate Temperature

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1 10 NH 0% RAP NH 30% RAP NY 0% RAP NY 30% RAP Flexibility Index (Gf/m) (Logaritmic Scale) Short-term aged 14 days AGED 21 days AGED 2 4 6 8 10 NH 0% RAP NH 30% RAP NY 0% RAP NY 30% RAP Flexibility Index (Gf/m) (Arithmetic Scale) Short-term aged 14 days AGED 21 days AGED

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Overview

§ Introduction

–Motivation and Objectives –DCT and SCB Fracture Tests

§ Methodology and Materials § Results

–Temperature –Aging Effects

§ Summary & Conclusion

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Summary and Conclusions

§ Effect of temperature on fracture behavior of asphalt mixtures:

–Increasing temperature à Lower peak load (lower fracture stress) and Increased ductility –Non unique response between mixtures –Transition from ductile to brittle is mix (binder and other constituent) dependent –Use of single 25 deg. C for all regions may not be a good idea!

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Summary and Conclusions (cont.)

§ Effect of aging on fracture behavior of asphalt mixtures:

–New draft aging protocol from NCHRP 09-54 was evaluated here §Big drop in cracking resistance from short term to 14 day aging, small change from 14 to 21 day aging –Aging substantially changes fracture behavior at intermediate temperature –Age conditioning should be included in cracking (fracture) performance test

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Summary and Conclusions (cont.)

§ Performance testing can provide insight into mixture behavior:

–20% and 40% VT RAP mixes showed similar cracking performance at intermediate and low temperatures –Sensitivity to effects of aging were comparable between 0% and 30% NH and NY mixes –40% RAP VA mixture with “PG HT only” grade bumping led to substantial drop in cracking resistance

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Aging and Temperature Effects on Cracking, Eshan Dave, NEAUPG 10/20/2016

Thank you for your attention!

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Questions / Comments?

Contact: eshan.dave@unh.edu Acknowledgements: UNH SURF Program North-East High RAP Pooled Fund Study